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Boreal winter stratospheric variability in EC-EARTH: High-Top versus Low-Top

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Abstract

The European Consortium EC-EARTH climate model version 3.1 is used to assess the role of a well-resolved stratosphere on stratospheric teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Two simulations of 100 years with constant radiative forcing, one with top at 0.01 hPa (L91, High-Top) and other with top at 5 hPa (L62, Low-Top) are compared. Results show how High-Top is able to generate a realistic Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the tropical stratosphere, and to capture its teleconnection to the extratropics. On the other hand, EC-EARTH properly simulates the leading modes of variability (EOFs) of the polar stratosphere in both High-Top and Low-Top configurations, although the El Niño-related wave-like teleconnection dominates the signal of EOF3 (wavenumber 1 at 50 hPa) in High-Top, as in reanalysis, while the tropics-unrelated Pacific/North America pattern does it in Low-Top. At subseasonal time-scale, High-Top shows larger sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) occurrence in mid-winter, which is close to the documented in observational records, while SSW occurrence peaks by late-winter in Low-Top, despite both show a similar SSW decadal frequency (i.e. around 8 events per decade). Examination of the climatological eddy heat flux shows a misrepresentation of the seasonal cycle in Low-Top, with a peak in late-winter that explains the timing of SSW increase. This peak of the eddy heat flux can be traced to the wave injection over Central Siberia in the lower stratosphere, which appears to be dominated by small-scale waves (wavenumbers 3–4). It follows that simulating realistic eddy heat flux seasonality is fundamental to obtain a realistic SSW seasonal cycle.

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Notes

  1. https://www.sparc-climate.org/activities/quasi-biennial-oscillation/.

  2. https://www.sparc-climate.org/activities/reanalysis-intercomparison/.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been supported by the Spanish DANAE project (CGL2015-68342-R) and received funding from the EU H2020-funded PRIMAVERA project (GA 641727). FMP was partially supported by the EU-ERA4CS MEDSCOPE (GA 689029) and the Spanish GRAVITOCAST (ERC2018-092835) projects. JG-S was partially supported by the ‘Ramón y Cajal’ programme (RYC-2016-21181). Red Española de Supercomputación is acknowledged for awarding computing resources (RES projects AECT-2017-3-0015 and AECT-2018-2-0023). Technical support at BSC (Computational Earth Sciences group) is sincerely acknowledged. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their comments, which helped to improve the scope of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Group of Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain

    Froila M. Palmeiro & Javier García-Serrano

  2. Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain

    Froila M. Palmeiro, Javier García-Serrano, Omar Bellprat, Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière & Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes

  3. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain

    Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes

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Appendix

Appendix

See Figs. 12, 13, 14 and 15.

Fig. 12
figure 12

Vertical cross-section of monthly zonal-mean zonal wind at the equator (Ueq) in the (top) High-Top and (bottom) Low-Top simulations. Shading is every 2 ms−1, orange for westerlies and purple for easterlies. Black contour stands for the zero-wind line, and the horizontal dashed line indicates the 50 hPa level used to define the QBO phases

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Fig. 13
figure 13

As Fig. 2, but for ERA-Interim over 1979–2012

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Fig. 14
figure 14

Climatological meridional eddy heat flux in the “key days” for a High-Top and b Low-Top, see text for details

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Fig. 15
figure 15

As Fig. 10, but for ERA-Interim over 1979–2012

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Palmeiro, F.M., García-Serrano, J., Bellprat, O. et al. Boreal winter stratospheric variability in EC-EARTH: High-Top versus Low-Top. Clim Dyn 54, 3135–3150 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05162-0

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