Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the correlation between the South Asian High (SAH) shift and the summer (June–August) rainfall variability in Korea over the course of 45 years (1958–2002). It is found that the shift in the west–east direction is closely related to the summer rainfall variability in Korea. The atmospheric circulations in the east shift years showed that at 850 hPa, an intensification of the western North Pacific subtropical high allowed a sufficient amount of warm and humid air to be supplied to the lower atmosphere near Korea. On the other hand at 200 hPa, the SAH expanded toward the east, near the southern part of Korea, causing the intensification of the northwesterlies, and this allowed the supply of cold and dry air to the upper atmosphere near Korea. Meanwhile, in the latitudinal zone in which Korea is located, there were anomalous upward flows with warm and humid characteristics in the lower atmosphere and anomalous downward flows with cold and dry characteristics in the upper atmosphere. As such, the cold and warm air masses present in the upper and lower atmosphere near Korea led to thermal instability, and this was analyzed to be a major factor that could potentially increase the amount rainfall in Korea in summer in the east shift years. Moreover, a warm SST anomaly was formed in the mid-latitude zones of East Asia, and it heated the lower troposphere, thereby intensifying the thermal instability even further. Furthermore, TCs frequently had an impact on Korea in the east shift years, and were another factor that caused the increased rainfall in summer.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bao C (1987) Synoptic meteorology in China. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp 178–192
Barnett TP (1985) Variations in near global sea level pressure. J Atmos Sci 42:478–501
Barnett TP, Dumenil L, Schlese U, Rochner E, Latif M (1989) The effect of Eurasian snow cover on regional and global climate variation. J Atmos Sci 846:661–685
Byun HR (1996) On the atmospheric circulation caused the drought in Korea. J Korean Meteorol Soc 32:455–469 (In Korean)
Byun HR, Lee DK (2002) Defining three rainy seasons and hydrological summer monsoon in Korea using available water resources index. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 80:33–44
Choi BC, Davies TD, Osborn TJ, Lee SH (1998) On the relationship between Eurasian snow cover and summer rainfall in South Korea Part I: statistical analysis. J Korean Meteorol Soc 34:478–485
Choi KS, Oh SB, Kim DW, Byun HR (2010) The south–north oscillation centered on 1996 in Korean summer rainfall variability. Atmosphere 20:91–100 (In Korean)
Davies TD (1994) Snow cover-atmosphere interactions. In: Jones HG, Davies TD, Ohmura A, Morries E (eds) Snow and ice cover: interactions with the atmosphere and ecosystems, vol 223. IASH Publication, San Francisco, pp 3–13
Dickson RR (1984) Eurasian snow cover versus Indian monsoon rainfall: an extension of Hahn-Shukla result. J Clim Appl Meteorol 23:171–173
Flohn H (1957) Large-scale aspects of the “summer monsoon” in South and East Asia. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 75th Ann. Vol.:180–186
Flohn H (1960) Recent investigations on the mechanism of the “summer monsoon” of southern and eastern Asia. Monsoon of the world. The manager of Publications, Civil Lines, Delhi, India, pp. 75–88
Gao C, Fletcher J, Slutz R (1983) The structure of the Asian monsoon surface wind field over the ocean. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22:1242–1252
Ha KJ, Yun KS, Jhun JG, Ki JP (2009) Circulation changes associated with the interdecadal shift of Korean August rainfall around late 1960s. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JD011287
Hahn DG, Shukla J (1976) An apparent relationship between Eurasian snow cover and Indian monsoon rainfall. J Atmos Sci 33:2461–2462
He H, McGinnis JW, Song Z, Yanai M (1987) Onset of the Asian summer monsoon in 1979 and the effect of the Tibetan Plateau. Mon Weather Rev 115:1966–1995
Huang RH (1985) The influence of the heat source anomaly over Tibetan Plateau on the northern hemispheric circulation anomalies. Acta Meteorol Sin 43:208–219 (in Chinese)
Kim BJ, Moon SE, Lu R, Kripalani RH (2002) Teleconnections: summer monsoon over Korea and India. Adv Atmos Sci 19:665–676
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1999) Climatology and variability of historical Soviet snow depth data: some new perspectives in snow–Indian monsoon teleconnections. Clim Dyn 15:475–489
Kripalani RH, Kim BJ, Oh JH, Moon SE (2002) Relationship between Soviet snow and Korean rainfall. Int J Climatol 22:1313–1325
Krishnamurti TN (1985) Summer monsoon experiment: a review. Mon Weather Rev 113:1590–1626
Krishnamurti TN, Bhalme H (1976) Oscillations of a monsoon system. Part I. Observational aspects. J Atmos Sci 33:1937–1954
Krishnamurti TN, Daggupaty SM, Fein J, Kanamitsu M, Lee JD (1973) Tibetan high and upper tropospheric tropical circulation during northern summer. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 54:1234–1249
Lau KM, Li MT (1984) The monsoon of East Asia and its global associations: a survey. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 65:114–125
Lee DK (1991) Characteristics of East Asian summer monsoon circulation associated with rainfalls over the Korean Peninsula in 1985. J Korean Meteorol Soc 37:205–219 (in Korean)
Liebmann B, Smith CA (1996) Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:1275–1277
Liu YM, Wu GX, Liu H, Liu P (1999) The effect of spatially nonuniform heating on the formation and variation of subtropical high part III: condensation heating and South Asia high and western Pacific subtropical high. Acta Meteorol Sin 57:525–538 (in Chinese)
Liu YM, Wu GX, Liu H, Liu P (2001) Condensation heating of the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropical anticyclone in Eastern Hemisphere. Clim Dyn 17:327–338
Luo SW, Qian ZA, Wang QQ (1982) The climatic and synoptical study about the relationship between the Qinghai-Xizang High Pressure on the 100 mb surface and the flood and drought in East China in summer. Plateau Meteorol 1:1–10 (in Chinese)
Mason RB, Anderson CE (1963) The development and decay of the 100 mb summertime anticyclone over southern Asia. Mon Weather Rev 91:3–12
Murakami T (1987) Orography and monsoons. In: Fein JS, Stephens PL (eds) Monsoon. Wiley, New York, pp 331–364
Park SU, Schubert S (1998) On the nature of the 1994 East Asian summer drought. J Clim 10:1056–1070
Reynolds RW, Rayner NA, Smith TM, Stokes DC, Wang W (2002) An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J Clim 15:1609–1625
Shen XS, Kimoto M, Sumi A (1998) Role of land surface processes associated with interannual variability of broad scale Asian summer monsoon. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 76:217–236
Tao SY, Chen LX (1987) A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. In: Chang CP, Krishnamurti TN (eds) Monsoon meteorology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 60–92
Tao SY, Zhu FK (1964) The 112 weather 00-mb flow patterns in southern Asia in summer and its relation to the advance and retreat of the West-Pacific subtropical anticyclone over the Far East. Acta Meteorol Sin 34:385–396 (in Chinese)
Uppala SM, Kållberg PW, Simmons AJ, Andrae U, Bechtold VDC, Fiorino M, Gibson JK, Haseler J, Hernandez A, Kelly GA, Li X, Onogi K, Saarinen S, Sokka N, Allan RP, Andersson E, Arpe K, Balmaseda MA, Beljaars ACM, Berg LVD, Bidlot J, Bormann N, Caires S, Chevallier F, Dethof A, Dragosavac M, Fisher M, Fuentes M, Hagemann S, Hólm E, Hoskins BJ, Isaksen L, Janssen PAEM, Jenne R, McNally AP, Mahfouf JF, Morcrette JJ, Rayner NA, Saunders RW, Simon P, Sterl A, Trenberth KE, Untch A, Vasiljevic D, Viterbo P, Woollen J (2005) The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quart J R Meteor Soc 131:2961–3012
Verneker AD, Zhou J, Shukla J (1995) The effect of Eurasian snow cover on the Indian monsoon. J Clim 8:248–266
Wang B, Wu R, Fu X (2000) Pacific-East Asian teleconnection: how does ENSO affect East Asian climate? J Clim 13:1517–1536
Wei W, Zhang R, Wen M (2012) Meridional variation of South Asian High and its relationship with the summer precipitation over China. J Appl Meteorol Sci 23:650–659 (in Chinese)
Wei W, Zhang R, Wen M, Rong X, Li T (2014a) Impact of Indian summer monsoon on the South Asian High and its influence on summer rainfall over China. Clim Dyn 43:1257–1269
Wei W, Wen M, Kim BJ, Nam JC, Zhang R (2014b) Interannual variation of the South Asian High and its relation with Indian and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. J Clim (in revision)
Wilks DS (1995) Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, Waltham, p 467
Xie P, Arkin PA (1997) Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:2539–2558
Yanai M, Song Z (1992) Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 70:319–351
Yasunari T (1990) Impact of Indian monsoon on the coupled atmosphere/ocean system in the tropical Pacific. Meteorol Atmos Phys 44:29–41
Yasunari T, Kitoh A, Tokioka T (1991) Local and remote response to excessive snow mass over Eurasia appearing in the northern spring and summer climate: a study with the MRI-GCM. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 69:473–487
Ye D (1981) Some characteristics of the summer circulation over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its neighborhood. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 62:14–19
Yeh TC, Lo SW, Chu PC (1957) The wind structure and heat balance in the lower troposphere over Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding. Acta Meteorol Sin 28:108–121 (in Chinese)
Zhang R, Sumi A, Kimoto M (1996) Impact of El Niño on the East Asia Monsoon: a diagnostic study of the ‘86/87 and ‘91/92 events. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 74:49–62
Zhang Q, Wu GX, Qian YF (2002) The bimodality of the 100 hPa South Asia High and its relationship to the climate anomaly over East Asia in summer. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 80:733–744
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the R&D Project of the Korea Meteorological Administration “Development and application of technology for weather forecast” (Grant No.: NIMR-2013-B-1). Renhe Zhang was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 41221064.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, KS., Kim, BJ., Zhang, R. et al. Possible influence of South Asian high on summer rainfall variability in Korea. Clim Dyn 46, 833–846 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2615-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2615-0