Abstract
The spectral version 1.1 of the Flexible Global Ocean-atmosphere-land System (FGOALS1.1-s) model was developed in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP). This paper reports the major modifications to the physical parameterization package in its atmospheric component, including the radiation scheme, convection scheme, and cloud scheme. Furthermore, the simulation of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) by FGOALS1.1-s is examined, both in terms of climatological mean state and interannual variability.
The results indicate that FGOALS1.1-s exhibits significant improvements in the simulation of the balance of energy at the top of the atmosphere: the net radiative energy flux at the top was 0.003 W m−2 in the 40 years fully coupled integration. The distribution of simulated sea surface temperature was also quite reasonable, without obvious climate drift. FGOALS1.1-s is also capable of capturing the major features of the climatological mean state of the EASM: major rainfall maximum centers, the annual cycle of precipitation, and the lower-level monsoon circulation flow were highly consistent with observations in the EASM region.
Regarding interannual variability, simulation of the EASM leading patterns and their relationship with sea surface temperature was examined. The results show that FGOALS1.1-s can reproduce the first leading pattern of the EASM and its close relationship with the decaying phase of the ENSO. However, the model lacked the ability to capture either the second major mode of the EASMor its relationship with the developing phase of the ENSO.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bao, Q., Y. Liu, T. Zhou, Z. Wang, G. Wu, and P. Wang, 2006: The sensitivity of the Spectral Atmospheric General Circulation Model of LASG/IAP to the land process. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1077–1090. (in Chinese)
Bonan, G. B., K.W. Oleson, M. Vertenstein, and S. Levis, 2002: The land surface climatology of the Community Land Model coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model. J. Climate, 15, 3123–3149.
Brinkop, S., and E. Roeckner, 1995: Sensitivity of a general-circulation model to parameterizations of cloud-turbulence interactions in the atmospheric boundary-layer. Tellus (A), 47, 197–220.
Dai, F., R. Yu, X. Zhang, and Y. Yu, 2005: A statistical low-level cloud scheme and its tentative application in a general circulation model. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 19, 263–274.
Edwards, J. M., and A. Slingo, 1996: A studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 122, 689–720.
Fu, X. H., and B. Wang, 2003: Influences of continental monsoons and air-sea coupling on the climate of the equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 16, 3132–3152.
Guo, L. L., Y. Zhang, B. Wang, L. Li, T. Zhou, and Q. Bao, 2008: Simulations of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet by LASG/IAP AGCMs. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 25(3), 447–457.
Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437–471.
Kiehl, J. T., and P. R. Gent, 2004: The Community Climate System Model, Version 2. J. Climate, 17, 3666–3682.
Li, J., Y. Liu, Z. Sun and G. Wu, 2009: The impacts of the radiation and cumulus convective parameterization on the radiation fluxes in SAMIL. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 67(3), 355–356. (in Chinese)
Liu, H., and G. X. Wu, 1997: Impacts of land surface on climate of July and onset of summer monsoon: A study with an AGCM plus SSiB. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 289–308.
Liu, H. L., X. Zhang, W. Li, Y. Yu, and R. Yu, 2004: An eddy-permitting oceanic general circulation model and its preliminary evaluations. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21, 675–690.
Liu, J., B. Wang, and J. Yang, 2008: Forced and internal modes of variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. Climate of the Past, 4, 645–666.
Liu, Y., K. Liu, and G. X. Wu, 2007: The impacts of the cumulus convective parameterization on the atmospheric water-content and rainfall simulation in SAMIL. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 31(6), 1201–1211. (in Chinese)
Ma, C. C., C. R. Mechoso, A. W. Robertson, and A. Arakawa, 1996: Peruvian stratus clouds and the tropical Pacific circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study. J. Climate, 9, 1635–1645.
Mechoso, C. R., and Coauthors, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825–2838.
Nordeng, T. E., 1994: Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics. ECMWF Technical Memo. 206, Reading, England, 41pp.
Palmer, T. N., G. J. Shutts, and R. Swinbank, 1986: Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1001–1039.
Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4407–4436.
Song, X. L., 2005: The evaluation analysis of two kinds of mass flux cumulus parameterizations in climate simulation. Ph. D. dissertation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 119–145. (in Chinese)
Sun, Z., 2005: Parameterizations of radiation and cloud optical properties. BMRC Research Report, 107–112.
Sun, Z., and L. Rikus, 1999a: Improved application of ESFT to inhomogeneous atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6291–6303.
Sun, Z., and L. Rikus, 1999b: Parameterization of effective radius of cirrus clouds and its verification against observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 3037–3056.
Takemura, T., H. Okamoto, Y. Maruyama, A. Numaguti, A. Higurashi, and T. Nakajima, 2000: Global three-dimensional simulation of aerosol optical thickness distribution of various origins. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17853–17873.
Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779–1800.
Wang, B., 1992: The vertical structure and development of the ENSO anomaly mode during 1979–1989. J. Atmos. Sci., 49(8), 698–712.
Wang, B., H. Wan, and Z. Ji, 2004: Design of a new dynamical core for global atmospheric models based on some efficient numerical methods. Science in China (A), 47, 4–21.
Wang, B., and Coauthors, 2005a: Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res. Letts., 32, L15711.
Wang, B., and Coauthors, 2008: How accurately do coupled climate models predict the Asian-Australian monsoon interannual variability? Climate Dyn., 30, 605–619.
Wang, Z., G. Wu, and P. Liu, 2005b: The development of GOALS/LASG AGCM and its global climatological features in climate simulation. I-Influence of horizontal resolution. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 21, 225–237. (in Chinese)
Wang, Z., R. Yu, Q. Bao, T. Zhou, Y. Liu, P. Wang, and G. Wu, 2007: A comparison of the atmospheric circulations simulated by the FGOALS-s and SAMIL. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 202–213. (in Chinese)
Wu, T., Z. Wang, Y. Liu, R. Yu, and G. Wu, 2004: An evaluation of the effects of cloud parameterization in the R42L9 GCM. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21, 153–162.
Wu, G., H. Liu, Y. Zhao, and W. Li, 1996: A nine-layer atmospheric general circulation model and its performance. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 13(1), 1–18.
Wu, G., and Coauthors, 2007: The influence of mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian climate. J. Hydrometeor, 8, 770–789.
Xie, P. P., and Coauthors, 2003: GPCP pentad precipitation analyses: An experimental dataset based on gauge observations and satellite estimates. J. Climate, 16, 2197–2214.
Xue, Y. K., P. J. Sellers, J. L. Kinter, and J. Shukla, 1991: A simplified biosphere model for global climate studies. J. Climate, 4, 345–364.
Yu, Y., X. Zhang, and Y. Guo, 2004: Global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models in LASG/IAP. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21, 444–455.
Zhang, X., G. Shi, H. Liu, and Y. Yu, 2000: IAP Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model. Beijing, Science Press, 252pp.
Zhou, T., Y. Yu, Z. Wang, and T. Wu, 2005: Impacts of Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Interactions over the East Asian Monsoon Region on the Climate in China. Vol. 4, Atmospheric Circulation Global Model (SAMIL) and the Coupled Model (FGOALS-s), Beijing, China Meteorological Press, 288pp. (in Chinese)
Zhou, T., B. Wu, and B. Wang, 2009: How well do atmospheric general circulation models capture the leading modes of the interannual variability of the Asian-Australian Monsoon? J. Climate, 22, 1159–1173.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bao, Q., Wu, G., Liu, Y. et al. An introduction to the coupled model FGOALS1.1-s and its performance in East Asia. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 27, 1131–1142 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-9177-1
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-9177-1