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Characterization of Amphidinium (Amphidiniales, Dinophyceae) species from the China Sea based on morphological, molecular, and pigment data

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Abstract

Amphidinium species are amongst the most abundant benthic dinoflagellates in marine intertidal sandy ecosystems. Some of them are able to produce a variety of bioactive compounds that can have both harmful effects and pharmaceutical potentials. The diversity of Amphidinium in shallow waters along the Chinese coast was investigated by isolating single cells from sand, coral, and macroalgal samples collected from 2012 to 2020. Their morphologies were subjected to examination using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total of 74 Amphidinium strains were morphologically identified, belonging to 11 species: A. carterae, A. gibbosum, A. operculatum, A. massartii, A. cf. massartii, A. fijiensis, A. pseudomassartii, A. steinii, A. thermaeum, A. theodori, A. tomasii, as well as an undefined species. The last seven species have not been previously reported in Chinese waters. Amphidinium carterae subclades I, II, and IV were found in the South China Sea, while subclade III was only found in the Yellow Sea. Threadlike body scales were observed on the surface of subclades III and V, supporting the idea that A. carterae might contain several different species. Large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA) sequences-based phylogeny revealed two groups (Groups I and II) within Amphidinium, which is consistent with the relative position of sulcus (in touch with cingulum or not). In addition, large differences in morphology and molecular phylogeny between A. operculatum (the type species of Amphidinium) and other species, suggest that a subdivision of Amphidinium might be needed. The pigment profiles of all available strains were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Eleven pigments, including peridinin, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, pheophorbide (and pheophorbide a), antheraxanthin, β-carotene, and four different chlorophylls were detected. The high pheophorbide/pheophorbide a ratio in Amphidinium implies that it may be a good candidate as a natural source of photosensitizers, a well-known anticancer drug.

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Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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  1. Zhaohe LUO and Hua ZHANG contributed equally to this work and should be regarded as co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China

    Zhaohe Luo, Lei Wang, Hala F Mohamed & Haifeng Gu

  2. Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510362, China

    Hua Zhang, Qun Li & Songhui Lü

  3. Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen, 510008, China

    Hua Zhang

  4. Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, 11751, Egypt

    Hala F Mohamed

  5. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China

    Songhui Lü

  6. Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536015, China

    Haifeng Gu

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Correspondence to Songhui Lü or Haifeng Gu.

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Supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR (No. 2017023), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41806154, 41876173, 42076144), the Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China (Nos. 2018FY100200, 2018FY100100), and the Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (No. 311021004) ** Corresponding authors: lusonghui1963@163.com; guhaifeng@tio.org.cn

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Luo, Z., Zhang, H., Li, Q. et al. Characterization of Amphidinium (Amphidiniales, Dinophyceae) species from the China Sea based on morphological, molecular, and pigment data. J. Ocean. Limnol. 40, 1191–1219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-021-1049-2

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