Abstract
A set of polymers including biopolymers and polymers from renewable resources are studied, with attention paid to their capability to form a foamy surface layer by laser irradiation. A model of laser-induced pressure wave is discussed, with its tensile tail giving rise to a fast and dense nucleation of cavities that can expand to microbubbles when filled with ablation gas. The intensity of the pressure wave has a maximum for an absorption coefficient of ∼1000 cm−1. Polyvinyl acetate, studied as a prototype polymer experimentally and by modeling, allows discussing the role of the viscosity drop in the dynamics of the laser-induced cavitations. In the Zeldovich frequency factor, a T (temperature) and P (pressure) dependent model of viscosity, and a T-dependent model of surface tension are introduced. It is further suggested that the well-known free-volume nanoholes existing in the material before the irradiation can constitute the nuclei of importance and that their concentration is one of the factors controlling the pre-exponential factor in the nucleation rate law.
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Abbreviations
- α :
-
absorption coefficient
- l a =α−1:
-
laser absorption depth
- c s :
-
speed of sound in the polymer
- C p :
-
heat capacity of the polymer
- ρ :
-
density of the polymer
- F(t):
-
instantaneous fluence
- g(t):
-
normalized time profile of laser pulse
- τ :
-
pulse width
- τ 0 :
-
pulse width parameter in g(t)
- F 0 :
-
total fluence for a ns pulse
- f 0 :
-
fluence of a “Dirac” or fs laser pulse
- αcsτ<1:
-
pressure confinement condition
- t :
-
time
- z :
-
depth
- J(t,z):
-
nucleation rate
- σ :
-
surface tension of the material
- Z :
-
Zeldovich frequency factor
- n 0 :
-
molecular density factor
- v :
-
volume of a free volume hole in PVAc
- J0=Zn0:
-
pre-exponential factor
- P i :
-
pressure inside
- P o :
-
pressure outside the nucleating bubbles
- P v :
-
vapor pressure inside bubbles
- T(z,t):
-
temperature at depth z and time t
- T c :
-
critical temperature of the polymer
- T 0 :
-
ambient temperature
- T max :
-
maximum surface temperature
- A 0 :
-
target absorptivity
- Γ :
-
Grüneisen constant
- Rs=−1:
-
surface reflection coefficient of sound
- po(z,t):
-
pressure for a fs pulse (ultrashort)
- Po(z,t):
-
pressure for a ns pulse (long)
- p1(z,t),p2(z,t) and p3(z,t):
-
pressure of the 3 superimposed subwaves
- δ T ,δ P ,T R ,P R :
-
parameters of the Avramov model
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Lazare, S., Elaboudi, I., Castillejo, M. et al. Model properties relevant to laser ablation of moderately absorbing polymers. Appl. Phys. A 101, 215–224 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-5754-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-5754-5