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Implementation of the Water Framework Directive: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives for an Ecologically Meaningful Classification Based on Phytoplankton of the Status of Greek Lakes, Mediterranean Region

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Abstract

The enactment of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) initiated scientific efforts to develop reliable methods for comparing prevailing lake conditions against reference (or nonimpaired) states, using the state of a set biological elements. Drawing a distinction between impaired and natural conditions can be a challenging exercise. Another important aspect is to ensure that water quality assessment is comparable among the different Member States. In this context, the present paper offers a constructive critique of the practices followed during the WFD implementation in Greece by pinpointing methodological weaknesses and knowledge gaps that undermine our ability to classify the ecological quality of Greek lakes. One of the pillars of WDF is a valid lake typology that sets ecological standards transcending geographic regions and national boundaries. The national typology of Greek lakes has failed to take into account essential components. WFD compliance assessments based on the descriptions of phytoplankton communities are oversimplified and as such should be revisited. Exclusion of most chroococcal species from the analysis of cyanobacteria biovolume in Greek lakes/reservoirs and most reservoirs in Spain, Portugal, and Cyprus is not consistent with the distribution of those taxa in lakes. Similarly, the total biovolume reference values and the indices used in classification schemes reflect misunderstandings of WFD core principles. This hampers the comparability of ecological status across Europe and leads to quality standards that are too relaxed to provide an efficient target for the protection of Greek/transboundary lakes such as the ancient Lake Megali Prespa.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Special Secretariat for Waters, Ministry of Environment and Energy for providing to MM-G, member of the Greek National Committee for ecological classification, the lake data sets, the original physical-chemical, and phytoplankton data from the Greek NWMN.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Maria Moustaka-Gouni & Matina Katsiapi

  2. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany

    Ulrich Sommer

  3. National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology & Systematics, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece

    Athena Economou-Amilli

  4. Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1065 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada

    George B. Arhonditsis

  5. Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus, 26504, Rio, Greece

    Eva Papastergiadou

  6. Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 384 46, Volos, Greece

    Konstantinos A. Kormas & Theodoti Papadimitriou

  7. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 574 00, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Elisabeth Vardaka

  8. Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece

    Hera Karayanni

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  1. Maria Moustaka-Gouni
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Moustaka-Gouni, M., Sommer, U., Economou-Amilli, A. et al. Implementation of the Water Framework Directive: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives for an Ecologically Meaningful Classification Based on Phytoplankton of the Status of Greek Lakes, Mediterranean Region. Environmental Management 64, 675–688 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01226-y

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