Abstract
A multi-stage optimization approach for sustainable collection system design for urban municipal solid waste is developed for megacities in Asia’s newly industrialized countries. The approach combines four methods—analysis of waste and area characteristics, data acquisition and evaluation by GIS, mathematical projection of existing and future collection systems, and identification of most suitable alternatives through comparative multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The approach is applied in Bangalore, India with 1.66 million inhabitants and 46.7-km2 area of investigation, and stratified based on population density. Two possible collection mechanisms (door-to-door (D2D) and community bin (CB)) are analyzed with a varied combination of collection coverage and waste segregation level. The study results confirm that both operational and investment expenses of the collection system decrease with an increasing rate of CB collection. Moreover, overall CO2 emissions of waste collection from the entire area of investigation decrease from 5.2 to 3.1 tons per day if the present 100% D2D collection is replaced with 100% CB collection system. Also, the increase of segregation at source contributes to the reduction of operational expenses and CO2 emissions; for example, a 20% increase of segregation level for D2D collection system leads to a 6% reduction of CO2 emissions. Considering all decision parameters through MCDA, a collection system comprising only CB with one separate compartment for wet waste and another combined compartment for dry and mixed waste is determined to be the most favorable approach.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Araujo DC, da Silva PO, Curi WF, da Silva JPC (2017) Multicriteria analysis applied to the management of urban pluvial waters. Braz J Water Resour 22:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.011716006
Aruldoss M, Miranda TL, Prassana VV (2013) A survey on multi criteria decision making methods and its application. Am J Inf Syst 1:31–43. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajis-1-1-5
Brans J, Vinckle P, Mareschal B (1986) How to select and how to rank projects: the PROMETHEE method. Eur J Oper Res 24(2):228–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(86)90044-5
Abdelli IS, Abdelmalek F, Djelloul A, Mesghouni K, Addou A (2016) GIS-based approach for optimised collection of household waste in Mostaganem city (Western Algeria). Waste Manag & Res 34:417–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16633519
Ansari M, Pakrou S, Abdoli MA, Karbasi A (2015) Optimization of MSW collection routes using GIS (Case Study: Tabriz City). Curr World Environ 10:882–890. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.Special-Issue1.107
Apaydin O, Gonullu MT (2007) Route optimization for solid waste collection: Trabzon (Turkey) case study. Glob NEST J 9(1):6–11
Arribas CA, Blazquez CA, Lamas A (2010) Urban solid waste collection system using mathematical modelling and tools of geographic information systems. Waste Manag & Res 28:355–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X09353435
Banerjee P (2016) ‘Gone to waste: how India is drowning in garbage’, Hindustan Times, 09 February. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-s-cities-are-faced-with-aseverewaste-management-crisis/story-vk1Qs9PJT8l1bPLCJKsOTP.html. Accessed 31 January 2017
Beijoco F, Semião V, Zsigraiová Z (2011) Optimization of a municipal solid waste collection and transportation system. Lisboa, Portugal. https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/395142733883/Paper.pdf. Accessed 15 December 2017
BAWN (2015) Direct conversation with Ms. Bredemeier, Betrieb Abfallwirtschaft Nienburg, December 7, 2015
Bing X, de Keizer M, Bloemhof-Ruwaard JM, van der Vorst JGAJ (2014) Vehicle routing for the eco-efficient collection of household plastic waste. Waste Manag 34:719–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.01.018
Chalkias C, Lasaridi K (2011) Benefits from GIS based Modelling for Municipal Solid Waste Management. In: Sunil Kumar (ed) Integrated Waste Management, vol I, Chap 22. InTech Open Access Publisher, London, UK, p 417-436
CPCB (2016) Consolidated Annual Review Report on Implementation of Municipal Solid Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 2000. Annual Review Report: 2014-15. April 2016. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India. http://cpcb.nic.in/MSW_AnnualReport_2014-15.pdf. Accessed 6 December 2016
Chavez MVH, Osuna YR (2013) Metodologia De Analisis Multicriterio Aplicacion al Crecimiento Sostenible en la Union Europea. Rev De Invest UNMSM 16(31):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.033
Das S, Bhattacharyya BK (2015) Optimization of municipal solid waste collection and transportation routes. Waste Manag 43:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.033
Dong J, Ni M, Chi Y, Zou D, Fu C (2013) Life cycle and economic assessment of source-separated MSW collection with regard to greenhouse gas emissions: a case study in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(8):5512–5524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1569-1
Erfani SMH, Danesh S, Karrabi SM, Shad R (2017) A novel approach to find and optimize bin locations and collection routes using a geographic information system. Waste Manag & Res 35:776–785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X17706753
Faccio M, Persona A, Zanin G (2011) Waste collection multi objective model with real time traceability data. Waste Manag 31:2391–2405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.005
Fan X, Zhu M, Zhang X, He Q, Rovetta A (2010) Solid waste collection optimization considering energy utilization for large city area. International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (ICLSIM) 2010
Ferreira F, Avelino C, Bentes I, Matos C, Teixeira CA (2017) Assessment strategies for municipal selective waste collection schemes. Waste Manag 59:3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.044
Figueira J, Greco S, Ehrgott M (2005) Multi criteria decision analysis. State of the Art Survey. Springer, New York, NY
Gallardo A, Carlos M, Peris M, Colomer FJ (2015) Methodology to design a municipal solid waste pre-collection system. A case study. Waste Manag 36:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.008
Gallardo A, Bovea M, Mendoza F, Prades M (2012) Evolution of sorted waste collection: a case study of Spanish cities. Waste Manag & Res 30(8):859–863. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X12443584
Government of Karnataka (2009) Bangalore Mobility Indicators 2008 – Draft Final Report. Directorate of Urban Land Transport; Wilbur Smith Associates. www.urbantransport.kar.gov.in/bangalore%20mobility%20indicators-2008.pdf. Accessed 9 October 2017
Gilardino A, Rojas J, Mattos H, Larrea-Gallegos G, Vázquez-Rowe I (2017) Combining operational research and Life Cycle Assessment to optimize municipal solid waste collection in a district in Lima (Peru). J Clean Prod 156:589–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.005
Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (2017) Petrol Price in Bangalore (2nd July 2017). https://www.goodreturns.in/petrol-price-in-bangalore.html. Accessed 2 July 2017
Hazra T, Goel S (2009) Solid waste management in Kolkata, India: practices and challenges. Waste Manag 29:470–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.023
Hemidat S, Oelgemöller D, Nassour A, Nelles M (2017) Evaluation of key indicators of waste collection using GIS techniques as a planning and control tool for route optimization. Waste Biomass- Valoriz 8:1533–1554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9938-5
Herold A (2003) Comparison of CO2 emission factors for fuels used in Greenhouse Gas Inventories and consequences for monitoring and reporting under the EC emissions trading scheme. ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2003/10. European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change
Islas JG (2009) Las Líneas Estratégicas Del Sector Hídrico En México En Materia De Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico Y Formación De Recursos Humanos: Una Jerarquización Empleando El Método Promethee, s.l.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico
Itnal B, Prakash S (2015) Review of present and future community solid waste management, its effect and resource potential in selected wards – a case study of bruhat Bangalore mahanagara palike. Int J Phys & Appl Sci 2(11):7–23
Kanchanabhan TE, Mohaideen JA, Srinivasan S, Sundaram VL (2010) Optimum municipal solid waste collection using geographical information system (GIS) and vehicle tracking for Pallavapuram municipality. Waste Manag & Res 29(3):323–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X10366272
Kallel A, Serbaji MM, Zairi M (2016) Using GIS-based tools for the optimization of solid waste collection and transport: case study of Sfax City, Tunisia. J Eng 2016:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4596849
Khan D, Samadder SR (2014) Municipal solid waste management using Geographical Information System aided methods: A mini review. Waste Manag & Res 32(11):1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14554644
Khan D, Samadder SR (2016) Allocation of solid waste collection bins and route optimisation using geographical information system: a case study of Dhanbad City, India. Waste Manag & Res 34(7):666–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16649679
Kinobe JR, Bosona T, Gebresenbet G, Niwagaba CB, Vinnerås B (2015) Optimization of waste collection and disposal in Kampala city. Habitat Int 49:126–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.05.025
Kumar S, Bhattacharyya JK, Vaidya AN, Chakrabarti T, Devotta S, Akolkar AB (2009) Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight. Waste Manag 29(2):883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.011
Malakahmad A, Bakri PM, Mokhtar MRM, Khalil N (2014) Solid waste collection routes optimization via GIS techniques in Ipoh City, Malaysia. Procedia Eng 77:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.07.023
MoEFCC (2016). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, India. Indian Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM). Notification. New Delhi, the 8th April, 2016. The Gazette of India. REGD. NO. D. L.-33004/9i9
Minoglou M, Komilis D (2013) Optimizing the treatment and disposal of municipal solid wastes using mathematical programming—A case study in a Greek region. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 80:46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.08.004
Miranda PA, Blazquez CA, Vergara R, Weitzler S (2015) A novel methodology for designing a household waste collection system for insular zones. Transp Res Part E: Logist Transp Rev 77:227–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.02.019
Trong K, Nguyen-Thi-Ngoc A, Nguyen-Ngoc D, Dinh-Thi-Hai V (2017) Optimization of municipal solid waste transportation by integrating GIS analysis, equation-based, and agent-based model. Waste Manag 59:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.048
PIB (2016) Solid Waste Management Rules Revised after 16 Years; Rules Now Extend to Urban and Industrial Areas, Javadekar. Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Environment and Forests and Government of India. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138591. Accessed 6 January 2016
PRB (2016) World Population Data Sheet with a Special Focus on Human Needs and Sustainable Resources, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 520. Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC 2009
Punkkinen H, Merta E, Teerioja N, Moliis K, Kuvaja E (2012) Environmental sustainability comparison of a hypothetical pneumatic waste collection system and a door-to-door system. Waste Manag 32(10):1775–1781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.003
Rada EC, Ragazzi M, Fedrizzi P (2013) Web-GIS oriented systems viability for municipal solid waste selective collection optimization in developed and transient economies. Waste Manag 33(4):785–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.002
Rathi S (2005) Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India. Waste Manag 26(10):1192–1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.09.006
Sanjeevi V, Shahabudeen P (2016) Optimal routing for efficient municipal solid waste transportation by using ArcGIS application in Chennai, India. Waste Manag & Res 34(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15607430
Shaoli D, Debnath B (2016) Prevalence of Health Hazards Associated with Solid Waste Disposal- A Case Study of Kolkata, India. Kalkutta, India. International Conference on Solid Waste Management, 5IconSWM 2015. Procedia Environ Sci 35:201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.081
Son LH, Louati A (2016) Modeling municipal solid waste collection: a generalized vehicle routing model with multiple transfer stations, gather sites and inhomogeneous vehicles in time windows. Waste Manag 52:34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.041
Son LH (2014) Optimizing municipal solid waste collection using chaotic particle swarm optimization in GIS based environments: a case study at Danang city, Vietnam. Expert Syst Appl 41(18):8062–8074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.07.020
Speier C, Mondal MM, Weichgrebe D (2018a) Data reliability of solid waste analysis in Asia’s newly industrialized countries. Int J Environ Waste Manag 22(1/2/3/4):124–146. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2018.10014700
Speier C, Mondal MM, Weichgrebe D (2018b) Evaluation of spatial generation characteristics of organic waste shares in municipal solid waste in fast growing metropolitan cities of India. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0757-y
The Forward Foundation (TFF) (2015) SWM 2nd Quarterly Report – Bengaluru West Zone. (unpublished)
The World Bank 2018. Urban population (% of total) The United Nations Population Division’s World Urbanization Prospects. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. Accessed 22 February 2018
Velankani Sustainability (2015) Comparison of solid waste bins and collection vehicles. (unpublished)
Weichgrebe D, Speier C, Mondal M (2017) Scientific Approach for Municipal Solid Waste Characterization. In: Goel S (ed) Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, 1st edn. Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, p 63–96
Xie YL, Xia DH, Huang GH, Li W, Xu Y (2015) A multistage stochastic robust optimization model with fuzzy probability distribution for water supply management under uncertainty. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 31(1):125–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-015-1164-8
Xue W, Cao K, Li W (2015) Municipal solid waste collection optimization in Singapore. Appl Geogr 62:182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.04.002
Yang Z, Zhou X, Xu L (2015) Eco-efficiency optimization for municipal solid waste management. J Clean Prod 104:242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.091
Zamorano M, Molero E, Grindlay A, Rodríguez ML, Hurtado A, Calvo FJ (2009) A planning scenario for the application of geographical information systems in municipal waste collection: a case of Churriana de la Vega (Granada, Spain). Resour, Conserv Recycl 54:123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.07.001
Zhaoxu S, Min H (2010) Multi-Criteria decision making based on PROMETHEE method. 2010 International Conference on Computing, Control and Industrial Engineering 416–418. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCIE.2010.110
Zhou J, Chen H, Hu Y, Zhang H, Ren L (2012) A Multi-Objective Linear Programming Model for a Regional Two–Phase MSW Transfer System in a Medium Sized City – A Case Study in Zhongshan, China. Adv Mater Res 356-360:2071–2078. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.356-360.2071
Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere gratitude to ELCITA and The Forward Foundation which supported this work and helped on ground in Bangalore as well as contributed with their experiences and knowledge to collect data. Grateful to the Mayor, Commissioner, officials, and all the workers of BBMP who helped in conducting this study successfully.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Appendix
Appendix
Annex A Table 6
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mondal, M.M., Speier, C.J. & Weichgrebe, D. Multi-stage optimization approach for sustainable municipal solid waste collection systems in urban areas of Asia’s newly industrialized countries. Environmental Management 63, 536–553 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1130-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1130-6