Abstract
Phenoxy herbicides are the most widely used family of herbicides worldwide. The dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is extensively used as a weed killer on cereal crops and pastures. This herbicide is highly water-soluble, and even after a long period of disuse, considerable amounts of both 2,4-D and its main product of degradation, 2,4 dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), might be found in nature. Biological decomposition of pesticides is an expressive and effective way for the removal of these compounds from the environment. The role of bacteria as well as the enzymes and genes that regulate the 2,4-D degradation has been widely studied, but the 2,4-D degradation by fungi, especially regarding the ability of white-rot basidiomycetes as agent for its bioconversion, has been not extensively considered. This review discusses the current knowledge about the biochemical mechanisms of 2,4-D biodegradation, focused on the role of white-rot fungi in this process. Finally, the cultivation conditions and medium composition for the growth of 2,4-D-degrading microorganisms are also addressed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn MY, Dec J, Kim JJE, Bollag JM (2002) Treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol polluted soil with free and immobilized laccase. J Environ Qual 31:1509–1515. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.1509
Alexander M (1961) Introduction to soil microbiology. Wiley, New York
Arora P, Bae HS (2014) Integration of bioinformatics to biodegradation. Biol Proced Online 16:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1480-9222-16-8
Balajee S, Mahadevan A (1990) Dissimilation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Azotobacter chroococcum. Xenobiotica 20:607–617. https://doi.org/10.3109/00498259009046876
Baumgartner D, Souza EGD, Coelho SRM, Maggi MF (2017) Correlation between 2,4-D herbicide residues and soil attributes in southern of Brazil. Rev Ciênc Agron 48(3):428–437. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20170050
Bernat P, Nykiel-Szymańska J, Stolarek P, Słaba M, Szewczyk R, Ro’żalska S (2018) 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced oxidative stress: metabolome and membrane modifications in Umbelopsis isabellina, a herbicide degrader. PLoS One 13(6):e0199677. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199677
Bhosle NP, Thore AS (2016) Biodegradation of the herbicide 2,4-D by some fungi. American-Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 16(10):1666–1671
Bollag JM, Liu SY (1990) Biological transformation processes of pesticides. In: Cheng HH (ed) Pesticides in the soil environment: processes, impacts and modeling. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 169–211
Carboneras B, Villasenor J, Fernandez-Morales FJ (2017) Modelling aerobic biodegradation of atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid by mixed-cultures. Bioresour Technol 243:1044–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.089
Carvalho FP (2017) Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food Energy Secur 6:48–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.108
Chen X, Zhang H, Wan Y, Chen X, Li Y (2018) Determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rat serum for pharmacokinetic studies with a simple HPLC method. PLoSOne 13(1):e0191149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191149
Chicatto JA, Costa A, Nunes H, Helm CV, Tavares LB (2014) Evaluation of hollocelulase production by Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler during the submerged fermentation growth using RSM. Braz J Biol 74(1):243–250. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.21712
Clement P, Pieper DH, Gonzalez B (2001) Molecular characterization of a deletion/duplication rearrangement in tfd genes from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) that improves growth on 3-chlorobenzoic acid but abolishes growth on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Microbiology 147:2141–2148. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-8-2141
Coelho-Moreira JS, Maciel GM, Castoldi R, Mariano SS, Inácio FD, Bracht A, Peralta RM (2013) Involvement of lignin-modifying enzymes in the degradation of herbicides. In: Price AJ, Kelton JA (eds) Herbicides - advances in research. InTech, Rijeka, pp 165–187. https://doi.org/10.5772/55848
Costa TM, Hermann KL, Garcia-Roman M, Valle RCSC, Tavares LBB (2017) Lipase production by Aspergillus niger grown in different agro-industrial wastes by solid-state fermentation. Braz J Chem Eng 34(2):419–427. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20170342s20150477
Cycoń M, Żmijowska A, Piotrowska-Seget Z (2011) Biodegradation kinetics of 2,4-D by bacterial strains isolated from soil. Cent Eur J Biol 6(2):188–198. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0005-0
de Lipthay JR, Barkay T, Sørensen SJ (2001) Enhanced degradation of phenoxyacetic acid in soil by horizontal transfer of the tfdA gene encoding a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dioxygenase. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 35(1):75–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00790.x
Ditzelmüller G, Loidl M, Streichsbier F (1989) Isolation and characterization of a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading soil bacterium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 31(1):93–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00252535
Don RH, Weightman AJ, Knackmuss HJ, Timmis KN (1985) Transposon mutagenesis and cloning analysis of the pathways for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 3-chlorobenzoate in Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134(pJP4). J Bacteriol 161(1):85–90
Donnelly PK, Entry JA, Crawford DL (1993) Degradation of atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by mycorrhizal fungi at three nitrogen concentrations in vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol 59(8):2642–2647
Ellouze M, Sayadi S (2016) White-rot fungi and their enzymes as a biotechnological tool for xenobiotic bioremediation. In: Rahman RA (ed) Management of hazardous wastes. InTech, Rijeka, pp 103–120
Faulkner JK, Woodcock D (1964) Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (‘2,4-D’) by Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. Nature 203:865. https://doi.org/10.1038/203865a0
Faulkner JK, Woodcock D (1965) Fungal detoxication. Part VII. Metabolism of 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic and 4-chloro-2- methylphenoxyacetic acids by Aspergillus niger. Part I. J Chem Soc 1187–1191. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9650001187
Ferreira-Guedes S, Mendes B, Leitão AL (2012) Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by a halotolerant strain of Penicillium chrysogenum: antibiotic production. Environ Technol 33(6):677–686. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.588251
Fournier JC, Catroux G (1980) L’utilisation de souches de micro-organismes de collection pour l’etude de la biodegradabilite des pesticides. Chemosphere 9(1):33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(80)90152-6
Gaitan IJ, Medina SC, González JC, Rodríguez A, Espejo AJ, Osma JF, Sarria V, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Sánchez OF (2011) Evaluation of toxicity and degradation of a chlorophenol mixture by the laccase produced by Trametes pubescens. Bioresour Technol 102(3):3632–3635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.040
Ghosal D, Ghosh S, Dutta TK, Ahn Y (2016) Current state of knowledge in microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. Front Microbiol 7:1369. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01369
Gill HK, Garg H (2014) Pesticides: environmental impacts and management strategies. In: Larramendy ML, Soloneski S (eds) Pesticides - toxic aspects. InTech, Rijeka, pp 187–230. https://doi.org/10.5772/57399
Gonod LV, Martin-Laurent F, Chenu C (2006) 2,4-D impact on bacterial communities, and the activity and genetic potential of 2,4-D degrading communities in soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 58(3):529–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00159.x
Greer CW, Hawari J, Samson R (1990) Influence of environmental factors on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation by Pseudomonas cepacia isolated from peat. Arch Microbiol 154(4):317–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00276525
Han L, Liu Y, He A, Zhao D. (2014) 16S rRNA gene phylogeny and tfdA gene analysis of 2,4-Ddegrading bacteria isolated in China. World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 30, 2567–2576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-014-1680-6
Hayashi S, Sano T, Suyama K, Itoh K (2016) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)- and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)-degrading gene cluster in the soybean root-nodulating bacterium Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA94. Microbiol Res 188:62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.04.014
Hermann KL, Costa A, Helm CV, De Lima EA, Tavares LB (2013) Expression of manganese peroxidase by Lentinula edodes and Lentinula boryana in solid state and submerged system fermentation. An Acad Bras Cienc 85(3):965–973. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013000300009
Hernández-Mendieta E, Guillén-Sánchez D, López-Martínez V, Tejacal IA, Andrade-Rodríguez M, Villegas-Torres OG, Martínez-Fernández E, Huerta-Lara M, Segura-Miranda A (2013) Identificación del agente causal de la pudrición blanca en Morelos, México. Rev Colomb Biotecnol 15(2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v15n2.41744
Hiran S, Kumar S (2017) 2, 4-D dichlorophenoxyacetic acid poisoning; case report and literature review. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol 6(1):29–33. https://doi.org/10.22038/apjmt.2017.8475
Hoffmann D, Kleinsteuber S, Muller RH, Babel W (2003) A transposon encoding the complete 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation pathway in the alkalitolerant strain Delftia acidovorans P4a. Microbiology 149:2545–2556. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26260-0
Hou J, Liu F, Wu N, Ju J, Yu B (2016) Efficient biodegradation of chlorophenols in aqueous phase by magnetically immobilized aniline-degrading Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain. J Nanobiotechnol 14:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-016-0158-0
Huang X, He J, Yan X, Hong Q, Chen K, He Q, Zhang L, Liu X, Chuang S, Li S, Jiang J (2017) Microbial catabolism of chemical herbicides: microbial resources, metabolic pathways and catabolic genes. Pestic Biochem Physiol 143:272–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.11.010
Huong NL, Itoh K, Suyama K (2007) Diversity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)-degrading bacteria in Vietnamese soils. Microbes Environ 22(3):243–256. https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.22.243
Igbinosa OE, Ajisebutu OS, Okoh IA (2007a) Aerobic dehalogenation activities of two petroleum degrading bacteria. Afr J Biotechnol 6(7):897–901. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2107
Igbinosa OE, Ajisebutu OS, Okoh IA (2007b) Studies on aerobic biodegradation activities of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by bacteria species isolated from petroleum polluted site. Afr J Biotechnol 6(12):1426–1431. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajb.v6i12.57564
Itoh K, Tashiro Y, Uobe K, Kamagata Y, Suyama K, Yamamoto H (2004) Root nodule Bradyrhizobium spp. Harbor tfdAα and cadA, homologous with genes encoding 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(545):2110–2118. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.4.2110-2118.2004
Itoh K, Kinoshita M, Morishita S, Chida M, Suyama K (2013) Characterization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading fungi in Vietnamese soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 84(1):124–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12043
Jacobsen CS, Pedersen JC (1992) Mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in soil inoculated with Pseudomonas cepacia DBO1(pRO101), Alcaligenes eutrophus AEO106(pRO101) and Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134(pJP4): effects of inoculation level and substrate concentration. Biodegradation 2(4):253–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00114557
Javaid MK, Ashiq M, Tahir M (2016) Potential of biological agents in decontamination of agricultural soil. Scientifica (Cairo) 2016:1598325–1598329. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1598325
Joshi N, Gupta D (2008) Soil mycofloral responses following the exposure to 2,4-D. J Environ Biol 29(2):211–214
Kim T, Kim MS, Jung MK, Joe MJ, Ahn JH, Oh KH, Lee M, Kim M, Ka JO (2005) Analysis of plasmid pJP4 horizontal transfer and its impact on bacterial community structure in natural soil. J Microbiol Biotechnol 15(2):376–383
Kitagawa W, Takami S, Miyauchi K, Masai E, Kamagata Y, Tiedje JM, Fukuda M (2002) Novel 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation genes from oligotrophic Bradyrhizobium sp. strain HW13 isolated from a pristine environment. J Bacteriol 184(2):509–518. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.2.509-518.2002
Kleinsteuber S, Müller RH, Babel W (2001) Expression of the 2,4-D degradative pathway of pJP4 in an alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic soda lake isolate, Halomonas sp. EF43. Extremophiles 5(6):375–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007920100202
Kumar A, Trefault N, Olaniran AO (2016) Microbial degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: insight into the enzymes and catabolic genes involved, their regulation and biotechnological implications. Crit Rev Microbiol 42(2):194–208. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841x.2014.917068
Lerch TZ, Dignac MF, Barriuso E, Bardoux G, Mariotti A (2007) Tracing 2,4-D metabolism in Cupriavidus necator JMP134 with 13C-labelling technique and fatty acid profiling. J Microbiol Methods 71(2):162–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2007.08.003
Lerch TZ, Dignac MF, Nunan N, Bardoux G, Barriuso E, Mariotti A (2009) Dynamics of soil microbial populations involved in 2,4-D biodegradation revealed by FAME-based stable isotope probing. Soil Biol Biochem 41(1):77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.09.020
Li XM, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Yue X, Wang DB, Zeng GM (2010) Biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in a fluidized bed reactor with immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Water Sci Technol 62(4):947–955. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.320
Lurquin PF (2016) Production of a toxic metabolite in 2,4-D-resistant GM crop plants. 3 Biotech 6(1):82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0387-9
Magan N, Fragoeiro S, Bastos C (2010) Environmental factors and bioremediation of xenobiotics using white rot fungi. Mycobiology 38(4):238–248. https://doi.org/10.4489/MYCO.2010.38.4.238
Marco-Urrea E, Reddy CA (2012) Degradation of chloro-organic pollutants by white rot fungi. In: Singh SN (ed) Microbial degradation of xenobiotics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 31–66
Markusheva TV, Zhurenko EY, Galkin EG, Korobov VV, Zharikova NV, Gafiyatova LR (2004) Identification and characterization of a plasmid in strain Aeronomas hydrophila IBRB-36 4CPA carrying genes for catabolism of chlorophenoxyacetic acids. Genetika 40(11):1469–1474. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RUGE.0000048662.23804.41
Mahmood I, Imadi SR, Shazadi K, Gul A, Hakeem KR (2016) In: Hakeem K, Akhtar M, Abdullah S (eds) Effects of pesticides on environment. Springer, Cham. Plant, Soil and Microbes, pp 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27455-3_13
McManus SL, Moloney M, Richards KG, Coxon CE, Danaher M (2014) Determination and occurrence of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and their transformation products in groundwater using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Molecules 19:20627–20649. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191220627
Müller RH (2007) Activity and reaction mechanism of the initial enzymatic step specifying the microbial degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. Eng Life Sci 7(4):311–321. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200720198
Nakagawa A, Osawa S, Hirata T, Yamagishi Y, Hosoda J, Horikoshi T (2006) 2,4-Dichlorophenol degradation by the soil fungus Mortierella sp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70(2):525–527. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70.525
Neelakanta G, Sultana H (2013) The use of metagenomic approaches to analyze changes in microbial communities. Microbiol Insights 6:37–48. https://doi.org/10.4137/MBI.S10819
Nykiel-Szymanska J, Stolarek P, Bernat P (2018) Elimination and detoxification of 2,4-D by Umbelopsis isabellina with the involvement of cytochrome P450. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25(3):2738–2743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0571-4
Nielsen TK, Rasmussen M, Demanèche S, Cecillon S, Vogel TM, Hansen LH (2017) Evolution of Sphingomonad gene clusters related to pesticide catabolism revealed by genome sequence and mobilomics of Sphingobium herbicidovorans MH. Genome Biol Evol 9(9):2477–2490
Ning D, Wang H (2012) Involvement of cytochrome P450 in pentachlorophenol transformation in a white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. PLoS One 7(9):e45887. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045887
Olicón-Hernández DR, González-López J, Aranda E (2017) Overview on the biochemical potential of filamentous fungi to degrade pharmaceutical compounds. Front Microbiol 8:1792. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01792
Pedri ZC, Lozano LMS, Hermann KL, Helm CV, Peralta RM, Tavares LBB (2015) Influence of nitrogen sources on the enzymatic activity and grown by Lentinula edodes in biomass Eucalyptus benthamii. Braz J Biol 75(4):940–947. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.03214
Pereira PM, Teixeira RSS, Oliveira MAL, Silva M, Santana VFL (2013) Optimized atrazine degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus INCQS 40310: an alternative for impact reduction of herbicides used in sugarcane crops. J Microb Biochem Technol S12:1–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.s12-006
Pinheiro A, Silva MR, Kraisch R (2010) Presence of pesticides in surface and groundwater in the Itajaí basin, SC. (in Portuguese). REGA 7(2):17–26
Pinheiro A, Moraes JCS, Silva MR (2011) Pesticides in the soil profile in planting areas of onions in Ituporanga, SC. (in Portuguese). Rev Bras Eng Agríc 15(5):533–538
Queiroz ARS, Vidal RA (2014) The development of dichlorophenoxyacetate herbicide tolerant crops: literature review. Planta Daninha 32(3):649–654. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582014000300021
Reddy GVB, Joshi DK, Gold MH (1997) Degradation of chlorophenoxyacetic acids by the lignin-degrading fungus Dichomitus squalens. Microbiology 143(7):2353–2360. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-143-7-2353
Schulz B, Segobye K (2016) 2,4-D transport and herbicide resistance in weeds. J Exp Bot 67(11):3177–3179. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw199
Shailubhai K, Sahasrabudhe SR, Vora KA, Modi VV (1983) Degradation of chlorinated derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid and benzoic acid by Aspergillus niger. FEMS Microbiol Lett 18(3):279–282
Silva TM, Stets MI, Mazzetto AM, Andrade FD, Pileggi SAV, Fávero PR, Cantú MD, Carrilho E, Carneiro PIB, Pileggi M (2007) Degradation of 2,4-D herbicide by microorganisms isolated from Brazilian contaminated soil. Braz J Microbiol 38(3):522–525. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822007000300026
Singh H (2006) Mycoremediation - fungal bioremediation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken
Stellman JM, Stellman SD (2018) Agent Orange during the Vietnam war: the lingering issue of its civilian and military health impact. Am J Public Health 108(6):726–728. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304426
Stibal M, Baelum J, Holben WE, Sorensen SR, Jensen A, Jacobsen CS (2012) Microbial degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the Greenland ice sheet. Appl Environ Microbiol 78(15):5070–5076. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00400-12
Syed K, Yadav JS (2012) P450monooxygenases (P450ome) of the model white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Crit Rev Microbiol 38(4):339–363. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2012.682050
Székács A, Mörtl M, Darvas B (2015) Monitoring pesticide residues in surface and ground water in Hungary: surveys in 1990–2015. J Chem 2015:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/717948
Thiel M, Kaschabek SR, Groning J, Mau M, Schlomann M (2005) Two unusual chlorocatechol catabolic gene clusters in Sphingomonas sp. TFD44. Arch Microbiol 183(2):80–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-004-0748-3
Tsujiyama S, Muraoka T, Takada N (2013) Biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) using vanillin as an activator. Biotechnol Lett 35:1079–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-013-1179-5
Valli K, Gold MH (1991) Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Bacteriol 173(1):345–352
Vedler E, Vahter M, Heinaru A (2004) The completely sequenced plasmid pEST4011 contains a novel IncP1 backbone and a catabolic transposon harboring tfd genes for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation. J Bacteriol 186(21):7161–7174. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.21.7161-7174.2004
Vroumsia T, Steiman R, Seiglemurandi F, Benoitguyod J (2005) Fungal bioconversion of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). Chemosphere 60(10):1471–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.102
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva, 541 p. Available online: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/drinking-water-quality-guidelines-4-including-1st-addendum/en/
Wu X, Wang W, Liu J, Pan D, Tu X, Lv P, Wang Y, Cao H, Wang Y, Hua R (2017) Rapid biodegradation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Cupriavidus gilardii T-1. J Agric Food Chem 65(18):3711–3720. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00544
Xia ZY, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Yan X, Li SP, Gu T, Jiang JD (2017) Biodegradation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by a new isolated strain of Achromobacter sp. LZ35. Curr Microbiol 74(2):193–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-016-1173-y
Yadav JS, Reddy CA (1993) Mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and mixtures of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 59(9):2904–2908
Yang Z, Xu X, Dai M, Wang L, Shi X, Guo R (2017) Rapid degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid facilitated by acetate under methanogenic condition. Bioresour Technol 232:146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.069
Zhang J, Xu Z, Chen H, Zong Y (2009) Removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by chitosan-immobilized laccase from Coriolus versicolor. Biochem Eng J 45(1):54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.02.005
Zharikova NV, Iasakov TR, Zhurenko EY, Korobov VV, Markusheva TV (2018) Bacterial genes of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation encoding α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity. Biol Bull Rev 8(2):155–167
Acknowledgments
The authors A. Pinheiro and L.B.B. Tavares are fellowship holders of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Serbent, M.P., Rebelo, A.M., Pinheiro, A. et al. Biological agents for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103, 5065–5078 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09838-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09838-4