Abstract
Hexachloropentadiene (HCPD) is a highly toxic compound that is mainly used for preparation of organochlorine insecticides. To investigate HCPD contamination of the environment during pesticide processing, 153 air, soil, and biota samples were collected around an agrochemical factory in different seasons of 1 year and analyzed for HCPD. The HCPD concentrations were 0.01–12.7 ng/m3 (average 2.60 ng/m3) in the air samples and 0.14–51.5 ng/g (average 4.11 ng/g) in the soil samples. HCPD concentrations were highest within 1 km north of the production site, which was in the downwind direction of the factory and storage tanks, especially in autumn and winter. Soil–air exchange analysis showed that HCPD was deposited from air to soil with a flux of 0.003 to 0.20 ng/(m2 d) throughout the year. The dismantling of obsolete equipment accelerated the release of HCPD into the air and increased the amount of HCPD deposited in the soil. HPCD concentration ranges were 0.44–55.7 ng/g dry weight [d.w.] (average 22.2 ng/g d.w.) and 6.69–91.4 ng/g d.w. (average 26.2) in locally grown rice and wheat, respectively. The concentration range was 12.1–1596 ng/g lipid weight (average 560 ng/g lipid weight) in local organisms, except for chicken. In tissues from locally raised chicken, the HCPD concentrations decreased in the order of gizzard, liver, heart, and meat. HCPD was amplified through a short food chain (soil, Vigna unguiculata leaves, larvae of Pieris rapae, and chicken), and the bioaccumulation factor gradually increased over a range of 1.19–25.1 (mean 9.81).
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Advanced Talents Incubation Program of Hebei University (Grant No. 521000981254), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei province (Grant No. D2022201007), the Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation (Grant No. hklk202004) and the Science and Technology Plan Project of Hengshui (Grant No. 2020014021Z). We thank Katherine Thieltges, and Gabrielle David, PhD, from Liwen Bianji (Edanz) (www.liwenbianji.cn/) for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
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The funding was provided by School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation, Hengshui, China.
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LY, ZY, YZ, RH, XH, and YF are from the School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University. LW is from the College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University. YG is from the Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation, Hengshui, China. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. LY, XH, ZY, and YZ designed the research project and contributed to data analysis and interpretation. RH and YG help analyzed the data. LW prepared materials. YF is the corresponding author. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Luan, Y., Ye, Z., Zhang, Y. et al. Hexachloropentadiene in Soil, Air, and Biota Around an Agrochemical Factory: Concentrations, Distribution, and Risk Evaluation. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 83, 242–252 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00957-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00957-0