Abstract
In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the street soil of Ma’an City, Jordan. The probable sources of PAHs in the soils were estimated by using diagnostic ratios. PAHs were extracted from soil samples via the ultrasonic extraction method using three portions of 20 mL of n-hexane/acetone mixture. The most priority environmental protection agency 13 PAHs were determined in the extract using gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. The results showed that average concentrations of ∑13PAHs ranged from 77.0 to 917.4 ng/g, and the 3- and 4-rings PAHs were the most abundant PAHs detected in the soil samples (~ 60% of the PAH total concentrations). The ratios showed that the PAHs in Ma’an’s street soil have both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis showed that the content of ∑13PAHs is directly correlated to the total organic matter (TOM) in the soil. Analysis of variance indicated that Ma’an city mostly had the same sources for ∑13PAHs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-shafy HI, Mansour MSM (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt J Petroleum 25(1):107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011
Amjadian K, Sacchi E, Rastegari Mehr M (2016) Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of different land uses in Erbil metropolis, Kurdistan Region. Iraq. Environ Monitor Assess 188(11):605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5623-6
ATSDR (1995) Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Washington, D.C. Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology (Vol. 18). https://doi.org/10.3109/15569529909037564
Beriro DJ, Vane CH, Cave MR, Nathanail CP (2014) Effects of drying and comminution type on the quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a homogenised gasworks soil and the implications for human health risk assessment. Chemosphere 111:396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.chemosphere.2014.03.077
Bi X, Luo W, Gao J et al (2016) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from the Central-Himalaya region: distribution, sources, and risks to humans and wildlife. Sci Total Environ 556:12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.006
Blanchard O, Mercier F, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Le Bot B, Glorennec P (2014) Measurements of semi-volatile organic compounds in settled dust: influence of storage temperature and duration. Indoor Air 24(2):125–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12066
Boonyatumanond R, Wattayakorn G, Togo A, Takada H (2006) Distribution and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in riverine, estuarine, and marine sediments in Thailand. Mar Pollut Bull 52(8):942–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.12.015
Cao X, Hao X, Shen X, Jiang X, Bobo Wu ZY (2017) Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel trucks based on on-road measurements. Atmos Environ 148:190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.040
Cerniglia CE (1993) Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Curr Opin Biotechnol 4(3):331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-1669(93)90104-5
Choi S-D, Shunthirasingham C, Daly GL, Xiao H, Lei YD (2009) Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Canadian mountain air and soil are controlled by proximity to roads. Environ Pollut 157(12):3199–3206. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2009.05.032
Christian GD, Dasgupta PK, Schug KA (2014) Analytical chemistry, 7th edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Department of Statistics (2017) Jordan Statistical Yearbook 2017. Jordan
Dybing E, Schwarze PE, Nafstad P, Victorin K, Penning TM (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air and cancer. In: Straif K, Cohen A, Samet J (eds) Air Pollut Cancer. IARC Scientific Publication, Geneva, p 161
Fernandes C, Franco J, Fabri M et al (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, Brazil: particle size distribution, sources and cancer risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 599–600:305–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.060
Hassanien MA, Abdel-Latif NM (2007) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust over Greater Cairo, Egypt. J Hazard Mater 151(1):247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.079
Hu N, Huang P, Liu J, Ma D, Shi X, Mao J, Liu Y (2014) Characterization and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments in the Yellow River Estuary, China. Environ Earth Sci 71(2):873–883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2490-0
Jiang YF, Wang XT, Wang F, Jia Y, Wu MH, Sheng GY, Fu JM (2009) Levels, composition profiles and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil of Shanghai, China. Chemosphere 75(8):1112–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.027
Jiang N, Li L, Wang S et al (2019) Variation tendency of pollution characterization, sources, and health risks of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an emerging megacity in China: based on three-year data. Atmos Res 217:81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.10.023
Jiries A (2003) Vehicular contamination of dust in Amman, Jordan. Environmentalist 23(3):205–210. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ENVR.0000017390.93161.99
Kafilzadeh F (2015) Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediments of the Soltan Abad River, Iran. Egypt J Aquatic Res 41(3):227–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2015.06.004
Kamal A, Malik RN, Martellini T, Cincinelli A (2014) Cancer risk evaluation of brick kiln workers exposed to dust bound PAHs in Punjab province (Pakistan). Sci Total Environ 493:562–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.140
Kamal A, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Malik RN (2015) A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(6):4076–4098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3748-0
Kim K, Ara S, Kabir E, Brown RJC (2013) A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ Int 60:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019
Kwon H-O, Choi S-D (2014) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a multi-industrial city, South Korea. Sci Total Environ 470–471:1494–1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.08.031
Lorenzi D, Entwistle JA, Cave M, Dean JR (2011) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: implications for human health. Chemosphere 83(7):970–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.020
Maliszewska-Kordybach B (1999) Sources, concentrations, fate and effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. Part A: PAHs in air. Polish J Environ Studies 8(3):131–136
Manzetti S (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment: environmental fate and transformation. Polycyclic Aromat Compd 33(4):311–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2013.781042
Nieuwoudt C, Pieters R, Quinn LP, Kylin H, Borgen AR, Bouwman H (2011) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediment from industrial, residential, and agricultural areas in central South Africa: an initial assessment. Soil Sediment Contam 20:188–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2011.546443
Omores RA, Wewers F, Ikhide PO, Farrar T, Giwa A (2017) Spatio–temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Environ Res 11(2):189–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-017-0018-2
Orecchio S, Papuzza V (2009) Levels, fingerprint and daily intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bread baked using wood as fuel. J Hazard Mater 164(2–3):876–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.083
Paulik LB, Donald CE, Smith BW et al (2016) Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from natural gas extraction into air. Environ Sci Technol 50(14):7921–7929. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02762
Ravindra K, Sokhi R, Van Grieken R (2008) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmos Environ 42(13):2895–2921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010
Rocha AC, Palma C (2019) Source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil sediments: application of different methods. Sci Total Environ 652:1077–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.10.014
Saeedi M, Li LY, Salmanzadeh M (2012) Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. J Hazard Mater 227–228:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047
Sharma A, Tyagi SK, Kulshrestha D, Masih J (2014) Source apportionment study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in New Delhi. India. Int J Environ Sci 4(6):1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.11.012
Stogiannidis E, Laane R (2015) Source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by using their molecular indices: an overview of possibilities. In: Whitacre DM (ed) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol 234. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10638-0_2
Suman S, Sinha A, Tarafdar A (2016) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration levels, pattern, source identification and soil toxicity assessment in urban traffic soil of Dhanbad, India. Sci Total Environ 545–546:353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.061
Tang L, Tang X-Y, Zhu Y-G, Zheng M-H, Miao Q-L (2005) Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils in Beijing, China. Environ Int 31(6):822–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.031
Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J (2012) PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources. Environ Pollut 162:110–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025
Tsibart AS, Gennadiev AN (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils: sources, behavior, and indication significance (a review). Eurasian Soil Sci 46(7):728–741. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229313070090
Ukalska-Jaruga A, Smreczak B, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A (2019) Soil organic matter composition as a factor affecting the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Soils Sediments 19(4):1890–1900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2214-x
Wang JZ, Nie YF, Luo XL, Zeng EY (2008) Occurrence and phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta. China. Mar Pollut Bull 57(6–12):767–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.01.007
Wang DG, Yang M, Jia HL et al (2009a) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust and surface soil: comparisons of concentration, profile, and source. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 56(2):173–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-008-9182-x
Wang L, Yang Z, Niu J, Wang J (2009b) Characterization, ecological risk assessment and source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water column of the Yellow River Delta, one of the most plenty biodiversity zones in the world. J Hazard Mater 169(1–3):460–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.125
Wang Y, Zhang J, Ding Y, Zhou J, Ni L, Sun C (2009c) Quantitative determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples using solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 32(22):3951–3957. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900420
Wang R, Liu G, Chou CL, Liu J, Zhang J (2010a) Environmental assessment of PAHs in soils around the Anhui Coal District, China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 59(1):62–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9440-6
Wang W, Massey Simonich SL, Xue M, Zhao J, Zhang N, Wang R, Tao S (2010b) Concentrations, sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Beijing, Tianjin and surrounding areas, North China. Environ Pollut 158(5):1245–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.021
Wang X-T, Miao Y, Zhang Y, Li Y-C, Wu M-H, Yu G (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of the megacity Shanghai: occurrence, source apportionment and potential human health risk. Sci Total Environ 447:80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.086
Xiao Y, Tong F, Kuang Y, Chen B (2014) Distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in forest soils from urban to rural areas in the Pearl River Delta of Southern China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:2642–2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302642
Xu J, Yu Y, Wang P, Guo W, Dai S, Sun H (2007) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River, China. Chemosphere 67:1408–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.074
Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G (2018) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and surface soil in major urban regions of Nepal: implication on source apportionment and toxicological effect. Sci Total Environ 616–617:223–235
Yavar Ashayeri N, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Kersten M, Yazdi M, Lahijanzadeh AR (2018) Presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and surface water from Shadegan wetland—Iran: a focus on source apportionment, human and ecological risk assessment and Sediment-Water Exchange. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 148(February):1054–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.055
Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzan R et al (2002) PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org Geochem 33(4):489–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5
Zuo Q, Duan YH, Yang Y, Wang XJ, Tao S (2007) Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in Tianjin, China. Environ Pollut 147(2):303–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.029
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alsbou, E., Zaitoun, M.A., Alasoufi, A.M. et al. Concentration and Source Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Street Soil of Ma’an City, Jordan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 77, 619–630 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00665-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00665-2