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Source Apportionment of PM10 Over Three Tropical Urban Atmospheres at Indo-Gangetic Plain of India: An Approach Using Different Receptor Models

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Abstract

The present work is the ensuing part of the study on spatial and temporal variations in chemical characteristics of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) over Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India. It focuses on the apportionment of PM10 sources with the application of different receptor models, i.e., principal component analysis with absolute principal component scores (PCA-APCS), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) on the same chemical species of PM10. The main objective of this study is to perform the comparative analysis of the models, obtained mutually validated outputs and more robust results. The average PM10 concentration during January 2011 to December 2011 at Delhi, Varanasi, and Kolkata were 202.3 ± 74.3, 206.2 ± 77.4, and 171.5 ± 38.5 μg m−3, respectively. The results provided by the three models revealed quite similar source profile for all the sampling regions, with some disaccords in number of sources as well as their percent contributions. The PMF analysis resolved seven individual sources in Delhi [soil dust (SD), vehicular emissions (VE), secondary aerosols (SA), biomass burning (BB), sodium and magnesium salt (SMS), fossil fuel combustion, and industrial emissions (IE)], Varanasi [SD, VE, SA, BB, SMS, coal combustion, and IE], and Kolkata [secondary sulfate (Ssulf), secondary nitrate, SD, VE, BB, SMS, IE]. However, PCA-APCS and UNMIX models identified less number of sources (besides mixed type sources) than PMF for all the sampling sites. All models identified that VE, SA, BB, and SD were the dominant contributors of PM10 mass concentration over the IGP region of India.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, and Head, Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, for their encouragement and support for this study. The authors also acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, for providing financial support for this study (under CSIR-EMPOWER Project: OLP-102132). One of the authors, Srishti Jain, thankfully acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, for awarding the INSPIRE Fellowship.

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  1. Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Srishti Jain, Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Mohit Saxena & Tuhin Kumar Mandal

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Srishti Jain, Sudhir Kumar Sharma & Tuhin Kumar Mandal

  3. Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India

    Manoj Kumar Srivastava & Rajeev Kumar Singh

  4. Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700054, India

    Abhijit Chaterjee

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  1. Srishti Jain
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Jain, S., Sharma, S.K., Srivastava, M.K. et al. Source Apportionment of PM10 Over Three Tropical Urban Atmospheres at Indo-Gangetic Plain of India: An Approach Using Different Receptor Models. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 76, 114–128 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-0572-4

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