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Design and Testing of a New Diatom-Based Index for Heavy Metal Pollution

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Abstract

The Tinto and Odiel river basins (SW Spain) are known worldwide for their unique water characteristics. Such uniqueness is a consequence of their flow through the Iberian Pyrite Belt (an area rich in metal sulphides) and the mining activities in the basins. A process of sulphide oxidation occurs in this region, which acidifies the water and increases the amount of heavy metals in it. As a result, the rivers suffer the so-called “acid mine drainage” (AMD). Traditional biotic diatom-based indexes (IPS, IBD, EPI-D, etc.) do not take into account the pollution caused by AMD. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new diatom-based index which can serve as a useful and quick monitoring tool. Such tool must reflect the level of AMD while being user friendly. We present the development and validation of the ICM (Índice de Contaminación por Metales or Metal Pollution Index). ICM demonstrated to meet successfully the above criteria and, therefore, can assess water quality in the Tinto and Odiel Rivers. In addition, ICM was applied with satisfactory results in the Guadiamar River (SW Spain), which was subjected to AMD too. Thus, we propose to make use of it in any other basin with the same type of pollution.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Andalusian Government for the financial support to this research. They also thank Julia Toja for her valuable contribution to the Guadiamar River assessment and Ricardo Amils, Cristina Delgado, Sergi Sabater, Saul Blanco, Dean DeNicola, and an anonymous reviewer for providing helpful bibliographic information. Finally, they thank Andrés Martín for his valuable comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Quality Assessment Laboratory, Andalusian Environment and Water Agency, C/ Trasmallo s/n, Palmones-Los Barrios, Cádiz, 11379, Spain

    M. R. Fernández, G. Martín, J. Corzo, A. de la Linde & E. García

  2. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain

    M. López & M. Sousa

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  1. M. R. Fernández
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  2. G. Martín
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  3. J. Corzo
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Electronic supplementary material

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244_2017_409_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Online Resource 1. Valves of the Achnanthidium minutissimum complex found in several stretches from the Tinto and Odiel Rivers (TIFF 1676 kb)

Online Resource 2. Valves of Brachysira vitrea (Grunow) Ross found in this study (TIFF 2249 kb)

Online Resource 3. Valves of Eunotia exigua (Brébisson ex Kützing) Rabenhorst found in this study (TIFF 2193 kb)

Online Resource 4. Valves of Pinnularia subcapitata Gregory found in this study (TIFF 4276 kb)

244_2017_409_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Online Resource 5. Valves of Nitzschia vasta Hustedt found in several stretches of the Tinto and Odiel Rivers. Girdle views are shown. The first three diatoms in the second row are teratological (TIFF 3001 kb)

Online Resource 6. Valves of Pinnularia acidophila Hofmann & Krammer found in this study (TIFF 2021 kb)

Online Resource 7. Valves of Pinnularia aljustrelica Luís, Almeida & Ector found in this study (TIFF 2381 kb)

Appendix

Appendix

See Table 8.

Table 8 A and F values obtained throughout the study for the calculation of ICM and ICMt in the Tinto and Odiel Basins. Teratologic forms are shaded in grey
Full size table

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Fernández, M.R., Martín, G., Corzo, J. et al. Design and Testing of a New Diatom-Based Index for Heavy Metal Pollution. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 74, 170–192 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0409-6

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