Abstract
It is barely known that the wastewater, or black liquor, released during the transformation of wood into paper is rich in carbon due to its lignin content. While the chemicals used in paper pulping are recovered by separating them from the black liquor, the value-added chemicals are wasted as they are burned. This study aims to determine how these value-added chemicals dissolved in black liquor and wasted through burning, can be utilized simply and efficiently. To examine the changes in black liquor chemical content, kraft black liquor samples obtained from Pinus brutia (PB) and Populus tremula (PT) woods were adjusted with 1 MH3PO4 to pH 5.5, 7 and 8.5. Chloroform (C), toluene (T) and dichloromethane (DM) were used as solvents for liquid–liquid extraction of the value-added chemicals. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method determined that the optimal conditions for recovering value-added chemicals were obtained with PT at pH 5.5 with DM as a solvent.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agarwal A, Rana M, Park JH (2018) Advancement in technologies for the depolymerization of lignin. Fuel Process Technol 181:115–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.09.017
Ahmad Z, Al Dajani WW, Paleologou M, Xu C (2020) Sustainable process for the depolymerization/oxidation of softwood and hardwood kraft lignins using hydrogen peroxide under ambient conditions. Molecules 25:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102329
Alinezhad A, Khalili J (2019) ANP method. In: New methods and applications in multiple attribute decision making (MADM). International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15009-9_17
Aycin E (2019) Multi-criteria decision making: computer applied solutions. Nobel Publishing, Ankara
Bajwa DS, Pourhashem G, Ullah AH, Bajwa SG (2019) A concise review of current lignin production, applications, products and their environment impact. Ind Crops Prod 139:111526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111526
Bland DE, Hillis WE, Williams EJ (1951) Prediction curves for counter-current separations: application to lignin aldehydes. Aust J Sci Res A 5:346–367
El Bouhali A, Gnanasekar P, Habibi Y (2021) Chemical modifications of lignin. In: Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications: Preparation, Characterization, and Implementation, First Edit. Elsevier Inc., pp 159–194
Brunow G, Lundquist K, Gellerstedt G (1999) Lignin. In: Sjöström E, Alén R (eds) Analytical methods in wood chemistry, pulping, and papermaking. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 77–124
Dadelo S, Turskis Z, Zavadskas EK, Dadeliene R (2012) Multiple criteria assessment of elite security personal on the basis of ARAS and expert methods. Econ Comput Econ Cybern Stud Res 4:65–87
da Silva SHF, Gordobil O, Labidi J (2020) Organic acids as a greener alternative for the precipitation of hardwood kraft lignins from the industrial black liquor. Int J Biol Macromol 142:583–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.133
Del Río JC, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Elder T, Kim H, Ralp J (2020) Lignin monomers from beyond the canonical monolignol biosynthetic pathway: another brick in the wall. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:4997–5012. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01109
Ecer F (2016) Selection of enterprise resource planning software by using ARAS method. Int J Alanya Fac Bus 8(1):89–98
Faustino H, Gil N, Baptista C, Duarte AP (2010) Antioxidant activity of lignin phenolic compounds extracted from kraft and sulphite black liquors. Molecules 15:9308–9322. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15129308
Feng P, Wang H, Lin H, Zheng Y (2019) Selective production of guaiacol from black liquor: Effect of solvents. Carbon Resour Convers 2:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crcon.2018.07.005
García A, Toledano A, Serrano L, Egüés I, González M, Marín F, Labidi J (2009) Characterization of lignins obtained by selective precipitation. Sep Purif Technol 68:193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.05.001
Ghenai C, Albawab M, Bettayeb M (2020) Sustainability indicators for renewable energy systems using multi-criteria decision-making model and extended SWARA/ARAS hybrid method. Renew Energy 146:580–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.157
Gilardi G, Cass AEG (1993) Associative and colloidal behavior of lignin and implications for its biodegradation in vitro. Langmuir 9:1721–1726. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00031a019
Gülsoy SK (2012) Factors affecting kraft pulp yield. Kastamonu Univ J For Fac 12(1):144–156
Gulsoy SK, Tufek S (2013) Effect of chip mixing ratio of Pinus pinaster and Populus tremula on kraft pulp and paper properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:2304–2308. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302709e
Hsieh TY, Lu ST, Tzeng GH (2004) Fuzzy MCDM approach for planning and design tenders selection in public office buildings. Int J Proj Manag 22:573–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.01.002
Huang Y, Duan Y, Qiu S, Wang M, Ju C, Cao H, Fang Y, Tan T (2018) Lignin-first biorefinery: a reusable catalyst for lignin depolymerization and application of lignin oil to jet fuel aromatics and polyurethane feedstock. Sustain Energy Fuels 2:637–647. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7se00535k
Isaza Ferro E, Ruuttunen K, Perrin J, Vuorinen T (2021) Sustainable bleaching of Eucalyptus sp. kraft pulp with hypochlorous acid, ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Ind Crops Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114004
Jardim JM, Hart PW, Lucia LA, Jameel H, Chang H (2022) The effect of the kraft pulping process, wood species, and pH on lignin recovery from black liquor. Fibers. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10020016
Joffres B, Lorentz C, Vidalie M, Laurenti D, Quoineaud A-A, Charon N, Daudin A, Quignard A, Geantet C (2014) Catalytic hydroconversion of a wheat straw soda lignin: Characterization of the products and the lignin residue. Appl Catal B Environ 145:167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.01.039
Karam J, Nicell JA (1997) Review potential aplications of enzymes in waste treatment. J Chem Tech Biotechnol 69:141–153
Kenger MD, Organ A (2017) Assessment of bank personnel selection by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making method Entropy based Aras. Adnan Menderes Univ J Inst Soc Sci 4:152–170
Kilic A, Sariusta SE, Hafizoğlu H (2010) Chemical structure of compression wood of Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra and P. brutia. J Bartin Fac For 12:33–39
Kim GH, Park SJ, Um BH (2016) Response surface methodology for optimization of solvent extraction to recovery of acetic acid from black liquor derived from Typha latifolia pulping process. Ind Crops Prod 89:34–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.056
Klett AS (2017) Purification, fractionation, and characterization of lignin from kraft black liquor for use as a renewable biomaterial. Dissertation, Clemson University
Ksibi M, Amor SB, Cherif S, Elaloui E, Houas A, Elaloui M (2003) Photodegradation of lignin from black liquor using a UV/TiO2 system. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 154:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00316-7
Kumar H, Alén R (2015) Recovery of aliphatic low-molecular-mass carboxylic acids from hardwood kraft black liquor. Sep Purif Technol 142:293–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.12.038
Kumar AK, Sharma S (2017) Recent updates on different methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks: a review. Bioresour Bioprocess 4:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-017-0137-9
Kumar N, Vijayshankar S, Pasupathi P, Kumar SN, Elangovan P, Rajesh M, Tamilarasan K (2018) Optimal extraction, sequential fractionation and structural characterization of soda lignin. Res Chem Intermed 44:5403–5417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-018-3430-0
Kurt R, İmren E, Karayılmazlar S (2020) Analysis of financial performance of paper, forest and furniture companies operating under the Turkish forest industry sector by Entropy-based PROMETHEE method. J Bartin Fac For 23:545–554. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.904299
Liitiä TM, Maunu SL, Hortling B, Toikka M, Kilpeläinen I (2003) Analysis of technical lignins by two- and three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 51:2136–2143. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0204349
Llano T, Alexandri M, Koutinas A, Gardeli C, Papapostolou H, Coz A, Quijorna N, Andres A, Komaitis M (2015) Liquid-liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from spent sulphite liquor. Waste and Biomass Valorization 6:1149–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-015-9425-9
Lora JH, Glasser WG (2002) Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to nonrenewable materials. J Polym Environ 10:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021070006895
Lourençon TV, Hansel FA, Da Silva TA, Ramos LP, Muniz GIB, Magalhães WLE (2015) Hardwood and softwood kraft lignins fractionation by simple sequential acid precipitation. Sep Purif Technol 154:82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.015
Maruf M, Özdemir K (2021) Ranking of web sites performance of commercial banks in Turkey by SWARA and ARAS method. OPUS Int J Soc Res 18:1514–1537
Methacanon P, Weerawatsophon U, Thainthongdee M, Lekpittaya P (2010) Optimum conditions for selective separation of kraft lignin. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 44(4), 680–690. https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/anres/article/view/244976.
Mota MIF, Pinto PCR, Loureiro JM, Rodrigues AE (2016) Recovery of vanillin and Syringaldehyde from lignin oxidation: a review of separation and purification processes. Sep Purif Rev 45:227–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2015.1070178
Navas LE, Dexter G, Liu J, Levy-Booth D, Cho M, Jang SK, Mansfield SD, Renneckar S, Mohn WW, Eltis LD (2021) Bacterial transformation of aromatic monomers in softwood black liquor. Front Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.735000
Niemelä K, Tamminen T, Ohra-aho T (2010) Characterisation of black liquor constituents Main topics. Wien
Núñez D, Oulego P, Collado S, Riera FA, Díaz M (2022) Recovery of organic acids from pre-treated Kraft black liquor using ultrafiltration and liquid-liquid extraction. Sep Purif Technol 284:120274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120274
Pinto PCR, Da Silva EAB, Rodrigues AE (2010) Comparative study of solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction for the reliable quantification of high value added compounds from oxidation processes of wood-derived lignin. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:12311–12318. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie101680s
Ponnuchamy V, Gordobil O, Diaz RH, Sandak A, Sandak J (2021) Fractionation of lignin using organic solvents: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Int J Biol Macromol 168:792–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.139
Radoykova T, Nenkova S, Valchev I (2013) Black liquor lignin products, isolation and characterization. J Chem Technol Metall 48:524–529
Ramesh S, Chaurasia AS, Mahalingam H, Rao NJ (2013) Kinetics of devolatilization of black liquor droplets in chemical recovery boilers - pyrolysis of dry black liquor solids. Int J Chem Eng Appl. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJCEA.2013.V4.248
Saadat Ghareh Bagh F, Ray S, Peng T (2022) Optimizing conditions for using deep eutectic solvents to extract lignin from black liquor. Wood Sci Technol 56: 759–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01381-2
Schorr D, Diouf PN, Stevanovic T (2014) Evaluation of industrial lignins for biocomposites production. Ind Crops Prod 52:65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.014
Sharma M, Alves P, Gil MH, Gando-Ferreira LM (2022) Fractionation of black liquor using ZnO nanoparticles/PES ultrafiltration membranes: effect of operating variables. J Clean Prod 345:131183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131183
Sundin J (2000). Precipitation of kraft lignin under alkaline conditions. Dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology.
Sun R, Tomkinson J, Bolton J (1999) Effects of precipitation pH on the physico-chemical properties of the lignins isolated from the black liquor of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre pulping. Polym Degrad Stab 63:195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00091-3
Sun G, Zhang D, An X, Jahan MS, Zhou J, Ni Y (2016) A case study for integrated forest biorefinery: recovery of manool from evaporator condensate of a kraft pulp mill. Sep Purif Technol 165:27–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.03.043
Suota MJ, da Silva TA, Zawadzki SF, Sassaki GL, Hansel FA, Paleologou M, Ramos LP (2021) Chemical and structural characterization of hardwood and softwood LignoForceTM lignins. Ind Crops Prod 173:114138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114138
Tejado A, Peña C, Labidi J, Echeverria JM, Mondragon I (2007) Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis. Bioresour Technol 98:1655–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.042
Tran H, Vakkilainnen EK (2012) The kraft chemical recovery process. TAPPI Kraft Recover Course pp 1–8
Tupenaite L, Zavadskas EK, Kaklauskas A, Turskis Z, Senuit M (2010) Multiple criteria assessment of alternatives for built and human environment renovation. J Civ Eng Manag 16:257–266. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2010.30
Vaaler DA, Moe ST (2001) Carbohydrate profiles of kraft pulps manufactured with white liquor additives. In: 11th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry. Nice, France, pp 279–282
Vainio U, Maximova N, Hortling B, Laine J, Stenius P, Simola LK, Gravitis J, Serimaa R (2004) Morphology of dry lignins and size and shape of dissolved kraft lignin particles by X-ray scattering. Langmuir 20:9736–9744. https://doi.org/10.1021/la048407v
Vigneault A, Johnson DK, Chornet E (2007) Base-catalyzed depolymerization of lignin: separation of monomers. Can J Chem Eng 85:906–916. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450850612
Villar JC, Caperos A, García-Ochoa F (2001) Oxidation of hardwood kraft-lignin to phenolic derivatives with oxygen as oxidant. Wood Sci Technol 35:245–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002260100089
Wang Z, Chen K, Li J, Wang Q, Guo J (2010) Separation of vanillin and syringaldehyde from oxygen delignification spent liquor by macroporous resin adsorption. Clean-Soil, Air, Water 38:1074–1079. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000078
Wang Y, Sun S, Li F, Cao X, Sun R (2018) Production of vanillin from lignin: the relationship between β-O-4 linkages and vanillin yield. Ind Crops Prod 116:116–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.043
Yıldırım BI, Uysal F, Ilgaz A (2019) Personnel selection in airline companies: an application with Aras method. J Suleyman Demirel Univ Inst Soc Sci 2:219–231
Zavadskas EK, Turskis Z (2010) A new additive ratio assessment (ARAS) method in multicriteria decision-making. Technol Econ Dev Econ 16:159–172. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2010.10
Zavadskas EK, Turskis Z, Vilutiene T (2010) Multiple criteria analysis of foundation instalment alternatives by applying additive ratio assessment (ARAS) method. Arch Civ Mech Eng 10:123–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1644-9665(12)60141-1
Zeng Z, Liu C, Luo S, Chen J, Gong E (2016) The profile and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in cereals influenced by improved extrusion cooking treatment. PLoS ONE 11:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161086
Zhang L, Chen K (2016) Effects of pH and suspended matter on the physico-chemical properties of black liquor from alkali-oxygen pulping of rice straw. BioResources 11:4252–4267
Zhu W, Theliander H (2015) Precipitation of lignin from softwood black liquor: an investigation of the equilibrium and molecular properties of lignin. BioResources 10:1696–1714
Acknowledgements
This work supported by Bartin University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
EC helped in literature review, data collection, research, experiments, methodology, writing, control and editing; RK helped in statistical analysis, interpretation, methodology, writing, checking and editing; MA helped in methodology, writing, interpretation, control and editing; AKP contibuted to planning, methodology, writing, interpretation, control and editing and AG helped in methodology, interpretation, control and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ceylan, E., Kurt, R., Akyüz, M. et al. Effect of solvent type and pH degree on the chemical composition of kraft black liquor via ARAS method. Wood Sci Technol 57, 741–757 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-023-01467-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-023-01467-5