Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Naltrexone moderates the relationship between cue-induced craving and subjective response to methamphetamine in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder

  • Original Investigation
  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rationale

Reductions in cue-induced craving and subjective response to drugs of abuse are commonly used as initial outcome measures when testing novel medications for the treatment of addiction. Yet neither the relationship between these two measures at the individual level nor the moderating effects of pharmacotherapies on this relationship has been examined.

Objective

This secondary data analysis sought to examine (1) the predictive relationship between cue-induced craving and subsequent acute subjective response to methamphetamine (MA) and (2) whether the opioid-receptor antagonist naltrexone moderated this association in a sample of non-treatment-seeking individuals who met DSM-IV criteria for MA use disorder (abuse or dependence).

Methods

Participants (n = 30) completed two 4-day medication regimens (oral naltrexone 50 mg or placebo, in a randomized, counterbalanced, and double-blind fashion). On day 4 of each medication regimen, participants completed a cue-reactivity paradigm followed by intravenous MA administration. Methamphetamine craving was assessed after the cue-reactivity paradigm, and subjective response to MA was assessed during MA infusion.

Results

Cue-induced craving for MA was positively associated with post-infusion subjective MA effects, including positive (i.e., stimulation, good effects, feel drug, high), negative (i.e., anxious and depressed), and craving-related (i.e., want more, would like access to drug, crave) responses. Naltrexone, vs. placebo, significantly reduced the association between cue-induced craving and positive subjective response to MA.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that naltrexone moderates the predictive relationship between cue-induced craving and positive subjective effects of MA, thereby suggesting a behavioral mechanism by which naltrexone may be efficacious in treating MA use disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (2015) Pleasure systems in the brain. Neuron 86:646–664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brkic S, Söderpalm B, Gordh AS (2016) High cortisol responders to stress show increased sedation to alcohol compared to low cortisol responders: an alcohol dose–response study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 143:65–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bujarski S, Ray LA (2014) Subjective response to alcohol and associated craving in heavy drinkers vs. alcohol dependents: an examination of Koob’s allostatic model in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 140:161–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bujarski S, Roche DJO, Lunny K et al (2014) The relationship between methamphetamine and alcohol use in a community sample of methamphetamine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 142:127–132. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bujarski S, Hutchison KE, Prause N, Ray LA (2015) Functional significance of subjective response to alcohol across levels of alcohol exposure

  • Chait LD (1993) Factors influencing the reinforcing and subjective effects of d-amphetamine in humans. Behav Pharmacol 4:191–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Childress AR, Mozley PD, McElgin W, et al. (1999) Limbic activation during cue-induced cocaine craving.

  • Childs E, O’Connor S, de Wit H (2011) Bidirectional interactions between acute psychosocial stress and acute intravenous alcohol in healthy men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 35:1794–1803. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01522.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cho AK, Melega WP (2001) Patterns of methamphetamine abuse and their consequences. J Addict Dis 21:21–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chutuape MAD, De Wit H (1994) Relationship between subjective effects and drug preferences: ethanol and diazepam. Drug Alcohol Depend 34:243–251. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(94)90163-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comer SD, Ashworth JB, Foltin RW et al (2008) The role of human drug self-administration procedures in the development of medications. Drug Alcohol Depend 96:1–15. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Comer SD, Mogali S, Saccone PA et al (2013) Effects of acute oral naltrexone on the subjective and physiological effects of oral D-amphetamine and smoked cocaine in cocaine abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:2427–2438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cook CE, Jeffcoat AR, Hill JM et al (1993) Pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine self-administered to human subjects by smoking S-(+)-methamphetamine hydrochloride. DRUG Metab Dispos-BETHESDA 21:717–717

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin WR, Gearhardt A, Fromme K (2007) Stimulant alcohol effects prime within session drinking behavior. Psychopharmacology 197:327–337. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1039-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Courtney KE, Ray LA (2014) Methamphetamine: an update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature. Drug Alcohol Depend 143:11–21. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Courtney KE, Ghahremani DG, Ray LA (2016) The effects of pharmacological opioid blockade on neural measures of drug cue-reactivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 41:2872–2881. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson ES, Finch JF, Schenk S (1993) Variability in subjective responses to cocaine: initial experiences of college students. Addict Behav 18:445–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Wit H, Pierri J, Johanson CE (1989) Reinforcing and subjective effects of diazepam in nondrug-abusing volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 33:205–213. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90451-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein DH, Willner-Reid J, Vahabzadeh M et al (2009) Real-time electronic diary reports of cue exposure and mood in the hours before cocaine and heroin craving and use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:88–94. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.509

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • First MB (2005) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders: patient edition. Biometrics Research Department, Columbia University

  • Flagel SB, Watson SJ, Robinson TE, Akil H (2007) Individual differences in the propensity to approach signals vs goals promote different adaptations in the dopamine system of rats. Psychopharmacology 191:599–607. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0535-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flagel SB, Watson SJ, Akil H, Robinson TE (2008) Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to a reward-related cue: influence on cocaine sensitization. Behav Brain Res 186:48–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flagel SB, Akil H, Robinson TE (2009) Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward-related cues: implications for addiction. Neuropharmacology 56(Suppl 1):139–148. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Logan J et al (2008) Fast uptake and long-lasting binding of methamphetamine in the human brain: comparison with cocaine. NeuroImage 43:756–763. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.020

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser KM, Haight JL, Gardner EL, Flagel SB (2016) Examining the role of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors in Pavlovian conditioned approach behaviors. Behav Brain Res 305:87–99. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway GP, Singleton EG (2009) How long does craving predict use of methamphetamine? Assessment of use one to seven weeks after the assessment of craving: craving and ongoing methamphetamine use. Subst Abuse Res Treat 1:63

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant S, London ED, Newlin DB et al (1996) Activation of memory circuits during cue-elicited cocaine craving. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93:12040–12045

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grant JD, Scherrer JF, Lyons MJ et al (2005) Subjective reactions to cocaine and marijuana are associated with abuse and dependence. Addict Behav 30:1574–1586

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SW (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of N-acetyl cysteine plus naltrexone for methamphetamine dependence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20:823–828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gueorguieva R, Krystal JH (2004) Move over ANOVA: progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the archives of general psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:310–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haney M (2009) Self-administration of cocaine, cannabis and heroin in the human laboratory: benefits and pitfalls. Addict Biol 14:9–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haney M, Spealman R (2008) Controversies in translational research: drug self-administration. Psychopharmacology 199:403–419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hartz DT, Frederick-Osborne SL, Galloway GP (2001) Craving predicts use during treatment for methamphetamine dependence: a prospective, repeated-measures, within-subject analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 63:269–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle RH, Gottfredson NC (2015) Sample size considerations in prevention research applications of multilevel modeling and structural equation modeling. Prev Sci 16:987–996

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaram-Lindström N, Wennberg P, Hurd YL, Franck J (2004) Effects of naltrexone on the subjective response to amphetamine in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24:665–669

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaram-Lindström N, Hammarberg A, Beck O, Franck J (2008a) Naltrexone for the treatment of amphetamine dependence: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 165:1442–1448. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaram-Lindström N, Konstenius M, Eksborg S et al (2008b) Naltrexone attenuates the subjective effects of amphetamine in patients with amphetamine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 33:1856–1863. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson BA, Roache JD, Ait-Daoud N et al (2007) Effects of acute topiramate dosing on methamphetamine-induced subjective mood. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10:85–98. doi:10.1017/S1461145705006401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilts CD, Schweitzer JB, Quinn CK et al (2001) Neural activity related to drug craving in cocaine addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:334–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King AC, de Wit H, McNamara PJ, Cao D (2011) Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:389–399. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.26

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk JM, Doty P, De Wit H (1998) Effects of expectancies on subjective responses to oral Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59:287–293. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00414-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert NM, McLeod M, Schenk S (2006) Subjective responses to initial experience with cocaine: an exploration of the incentive–sensitization theory of drug abuse. Addiction 101:713–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee NK, Pohlman S, Baker A et al (2010) It’s the thought that counts: craving metacognitions and their role in abstinence from methamphetamine use. J Subst Abus Treat 38:245–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leeman RF, Corbin WR, Fromme K (2009) Craving predicts within session drinking behavior following placebo. Personal Individ Differ 46:693–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell SH, Laurent CL, de Wit H (1996) Interaction of expectancy and the pharmacological effects ofd-amphetamine: subjective effects and self-administration. Psychopharmacology 125:371–378. doi:10.1007/BF02246020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monti PM, Binkoff JA, Abrams DB et al (1987) Reactivity of alcoholics and nonalcoholics to drinking cues. J Abnorm Psychol 96:122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morean ME, de Wit H, King AC et al (2013) The drug effects questionnaire: psychometric support across three drug types. Psychopharmacology 227:177–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton TF, De La Garza IIR, Kalechstein AD, Nestor L (2005) Cocaine and methamphetamine produce different patterns of subjective and cardiovascular effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 82:90–97. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.07.012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton TF, Reid MS, De La Garza R, Mahoney JJ, Abad A, Condos R, Palamar J, Halkitis PN, Mojisak J, Anderson A, Li SH (2008) Evaluation of subjective effects of aripiprazole and methamphetamine in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers. Int J Neuropharmacol 11(8):1037–1045

  • Paliwal P, Hyman SM, Sinha R (2008) Craving predicts time to cocaine relapse: further validation of the now and brief versions of the cocaine craving questionnaire. Drug Alcohol Depend 93:252–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlick M, Hoffmann E, Rosenberg H (2009) A nationwide survey of American alcohol and drug craving assessment and treatment practices. Addict Res Theory 17:591–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston KL, Epstein DH (2011) Stress in the daily lives of cocaine and heroin users: relationship to mood, craving, relapse triggers, and cocaine use. Psychopharmacology 218:29–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ray LA, Bujarski S, Courtney KE, et al. (2015) The effects of naltrexone on subjective response to methamphetamine in a clinical sample: a double-blind, placebo-controlled laboratory study

  • Ray LA, Bujarski S, Roche DJ (2016) Subjective response to alcohol as a research domain criterion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 40:6–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richard JM, Castro DC, DiFeliceantonio AG et al (2013) Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:1919–1931

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993) The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Rev 18:247–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson TE, Berridge KC (2001) Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction 96:103–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson TE, Flagel SB (2009) Dissociating the predictive and incentive motivational properties of reward-related cues through the study of individual differences. Biol Psychiatry 65:869–873. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roche DJ, Ray LA (2015) Subjective response as a consideration in the pharmacogenetics of alcoholism treatment. Pharmacogenomics 16:721–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohsenow DJ, Martin RA, Eaton CA, Monti PM (2007) Cocaine craving as a predictor of treatment attrition and outcomes after residential treatment for cocaine dependence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 68:641–648

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders BT, Robinson TE (2010) A cocaine cue acts as an incentive stimulus in some but not others: implications for addiction. Biol Psychiatry 67:730–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders BT, Yager LM, Robinson TE (2013) Cue-evoked cocaine “craving”: role of dopamine in the accumbens core. J Neurosci 33:13989–14000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Semple SJ, Patterson TL, Grant I (2003) Binge use of methamphetamine among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: pilot data and HIV prevention implications. AIDS Educ Prev 15:133–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman S, Waters AJ (2004) Negative affect and smoking lapses: a prospective analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 72:192–201. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman S, Paty JA, Gnys M et al (1996) First lapses to smoking: within-subjects analysis of real-time reports. J Consult Clin Psychol 64:366–379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman S, Ferguson SG, Gwaltney CJ (2006) Immediate hedonic response to smoking lapses: relationship to smoking relapse, and effects of nicotine replacement therapy. Psychopharmacology 184:608–618. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0175-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha R (2013) The clinical neurobiology of drug craving. Curr Opin Neurobiol 23:649–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sobell LC, Sobell MB, Leo GI, Cancilla A (1988) Reliability of a timeline method: assessing normal drinkers’ reports of recent drinking and a comparative evaluation across several populations. Br J Addict 83:393–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Söderpalm AHV, de Wit H (2002) Effects of stress and alcohol on subjective state in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26:818–826. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02610.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Söderpalm A, Nikolayev L, de Wit H (2003) Effects of stress on responses to methamphetamine in humans. Psychopharmacology 170:188–199. doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1536-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tancer M, Johanson C-E (2003) Reinforcing, subjective, and physiological effects of MDMA in humans: a comparison with d-amphetamine and mCPP. Drug Alcohol Depend 72:33–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treloar H, Piasecki TM, McCarthy DM et al (2015) Ecological evidence that affect and perceptions of drink effects depend on alcohol expectancies. Addiction 110:1432–1442

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vickers AJ, Altman DG (2001) Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. BMJ 323:1123–1124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Ma Y et al (2003) Expectation enhances the regional brain metabolic and the reinforcing effects of stimulants in cocaine abusers. J Neurosci 23:11461–11468

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Telang F et al (2006) Cocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci 26:6583–6588. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1544-06.2006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang G, Shi J, Chen N et al (2013) Effects of length of abstinence on decision-making and craving in methamphetamine abusers. PLoS One 8:e68791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wardell JD, Ramchandani VA, Hendershot CS (2016) Drinking motives predict subjective effects of alcohol and alcohol wanting and liking during laboratory alcohol administration: a mediated pathway analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 40:2190–2198. doi:10.1111/acer.13174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Wit H, Doty P (1994) Preference for ethanol and diazepam in light and moderate social drinkers: a within-subjects study. Psychopharmacology 115:529–538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Wit H, Phillips TJ (2012) Do initial responses to drugs predict future use or abuse? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:1565–1576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Witteman J, Post H, Tarvainen M et al (2015) Cue reactivity and its relation to craving and relapse in alcohol dependence: a combined laboratory and field study. Psychopharmacology 232:3685–3696. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4027-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wong DF, Kuwabara H, Schretlen DJ et al (2006) Increased occupancy of dopamine receptors in human striatum during cue-elicited cocaine craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2716–2727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yager LM, Pitchers KK, Flagel SB, Robinson TE (2015) Individual variation in the motivational and neurobiological effects of an opioid cue. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:1269–1277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zorick T, Nestor L, Miotto K et al (2010) Withdrawal symptoms in abstinent methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Addiction 105:1809–1818. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03066.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA029831) to LAR. Support for this study was also provided by a grant from the UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute, grants UL1RR033176 and UL1TR000124. DR was supported by postdoctoral awards from the California Tobacco Related Disease Research Program (18KT-0020) and T32 DA024635. SB was supported by a training grant from the National Institutes of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (F31 AA022569), and KEC was supported by a training grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31 DA035604). LAR has received study medication from Pfizer and MediciNova and served as a consultant for GSK. EDL received support from the Thomas P. and Katherine K. Pike Chair in Addiction Studies and the Marjorie Greene Family Trust.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA

    Daniel J. O. Roche, Spencer Bujarski & Lara A. Ray

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Matthew J. Worley & Kelly E. Courtney

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Edythe D. London & Lara A. Ray

  4. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Edythe D. London

  5. Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Steven Shoptaw

Authors
  1. Daniel J. O. Roche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew J. Worley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kelly E. Courtney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Spencer Bujarski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Edythe D. London
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Steven Shoptaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Lara A. Ray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lara A. Ray.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Roche, D.J.O., Worley, M.J., Courtney, K.E. et al. Naltrexone moderates the relationship between cue-induced craving and subjective response to methamphetamine in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. Psychopharmacology 234, 1997–2007 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4607-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4607-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation