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Formation of Sn-rich granitic magma: a case study of the highly evolved Kafang granite in the Gejiu tin polymetallic ore district, South China

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Abstract

The Gejiu ore district (~ 3.2 Mt Sn) is located in eastern Yunnan Province, southwest China, and is one of the largest Sn polymetallic ore districts in the world. Athough it has been widely studied, the petrogenesis of ore-related granites is still unclear. In this paper, we present petrological, geochemical, and geochronological data on the granites associated with the Kafang Cu–Sn deposit in the Gejiu ore district (65 Mt Cu ore at a grade of 1.2% and 32 Mt Sn ore at a grade of 0.6%). We use these data to constrain the source, evolution, oxygen fugacity, and tectonic setting of the granitic magmatism. Zircon U–Pb dating yielded an age of 82.8 ± 0.6 Ma for the Kafang granite. The high zircon δ18O values (7.45–9.74‰; mean = 8.80‰) and narrow range of εNd(t) values (–9.0 to –7.7) of the Kafang granite indicate a highly evolved S-type granite derived by partial melting of metamorphic basement rocks of the Jiangnan orogenic belt. Rayleigh fractional crystallization modeling, along with the increase in Hf and Sn contents and decrease in Eu/Eu* values of zircons, record extensive fractional crystallization, and Sn enrichment during magmatic evolution. The Kafang granite was relatively reduced, as evidenced by low zircon Ce/Ce* (10.0–366; mean = 171), (Ce/Nd)N (0.76–8.32; mean = 4.41), △FMQ (–2.5 to 1.2) values, and Fe3+-depleted biotite compositions (Fe3+/(Fe3+  + Fe2+) = 0–0.10), which were favorable for Sn mineralization but not for Cu mineralization. Copper in the Kafang deposit may not have been derived from the granite. Our results suggest that biotite and zircon geochemical compositions, particularly biotite Mg# and A/CNK values and zircon Hf contents, Eu anomalies, and Ce/Ce* and (Ce/Nd)N ratios, are robust tracers of different types of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits (i.e., Cu, Mo, W, and Sn). Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Gejiu region and other areas along the southern margin of South China formed an E–W-trending igneous belt that was likely related to northward subduction of the Neo-Tethyan plate rather than northwestward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is financially supported by one grant to Jun Deng (National Basic Research Program of China: No. 2015CB452606), and one grant to Keke Sun (National Natural Science Foundation of China: No. 42003024). The authors wish to thank Xiaolin Cui and Hanyu Cheng and the staff of Yunnan Tin Group for their valuable help during field-works; Juan Wang, Qing Yang, Chao Yu, Chao Li, and Limin Zhou for their kind assistance in EPMA, zircon O isotope, zircon dating and Hf isotopic analyses; Shihua Zhong for his suggestion of zircon oxygen fugacity calculation. Matthieu Harlaux and another anonymous reviewer, Editor Bernd Lehmann, and Associate Editor Shaoyong Jiang are thanked for their constructive comments that lead to significant improvement of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China

    Ke-Ke Sun

  2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Jun Deng, Qing-Fei Wang & Rong Xu

  3. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Bin Chen

  4. Yunnan Tin Group, Gejiu, 661000, China

    Zhen-Fei Ma

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  1. Ke-Ke Sun
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Contributions

SK, DJ, and WQ designed the research project. SK, XR, and MZ selected the granite samples for study. SK performed the research and analyzed the data. SK, DJ, WQ, and CB contributed to interpreting the data and writing the paper.

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Correspondence to Jun Deng.

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Sun, KK., Deng, J., Wang, QF. et al. Formation of Sn-rich granitic magma: a case study of the highly evolved Kafang granite in the Gejiu tin polymetallic ore district, South China. Miner Deposita 58, 359–378 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01130-2

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