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Karst-hosted Mississippi Valley-type Pb–Zn mineralization in fold-thrust systems: a case study of the Changdong deposit in the Sanjiang Belt, China

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Abstract

Karst is the most common ore-controlling structure in Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb–Zn deposits. However, the formation process of karst caves that contain ores and their related Pb–Zn mineralization in fold-thrust belts is poorly understood. The Changdong MVT Pb–Zn deposit is hosted by karst caves located in the fold-thrust system of the Simao basin, Sanjiang metallogenic belt, Tibetan Plateau. The Changdong deposit is an ideal natural laboratory for studying the effects of karst on Pb–Zn mineralization in MVT deposits. The ore bodies in this deposit are hosted by a large-scale carbonate breccia and bedded sediments belt within the late Permian limestones, which are situated in the hanging wall of the regional Longshu thrust fault. The δ13CV-PDB values of the limestone fragments from the breccias range from − 4.2 to 4.1‰. They are similar to those of overlying limestone strata, indicating that the fragments were mainly derived from autochthonous limestones in the overlying strata. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis indicates that the bedded sediments and the matrices of the carbonate breccias contain K–Al silicate clay minerals, quartz, rock fragments, and calcite fragments. Detrital zircons from bedded sediments contain five discrete age populations ranging from the Jurassic to the Paleoproterozoic, indicating that the matrix materials were derived from the weathered sediments of metamorphic and magmatic rocks along the western margin of the Simao basin. Bedded sediments dominated by exogenous materials are actually speleothems. When contextualized with recently published data placing the Changdong deposit formation in the early to middle Oligocene, our data suggest that the Changdong deposit formed within a meteoric paleokarst system. The Pb–Zn ores are hosted by the speleothems in the breccia belt and comprise microspherulitic or colloidal sphalerite and euhedral galena. The sphalerite and galena precipitated by filling voids and replacing calcite crystals in faded speleothems. The pyrite and galena δ34SV-CDT values from the Changdong deposit range from − 16.9 to 15.8‰, indicating a pre-existing H2S reservoir interpreted as a result of bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR). A three-stage process for the Changdong deposit was proposed as last. First, the Permian limestone was uplifted to the near-surface by regional thrusting during the India-Eurasia collision, and karst caves formed by meteoric dissolution. Second, a reduced sulfur trap formed by BSR in the paleokarst caves during continual regional compression. Third, metal-rich fluids migrated into the Changdong deposit via tensile faults formed during the transition from compressive stress to extensional strike-slip stress as a result of progressive rotation of the regional strain axes. The Pb–Zn sulfides were likely precipitated by low-temperature fluid mixing. This study provides new data to establish a geologically consistent framework for the evaluation of karst caves and related MVT Pb–Zn mineralization in fold-thrust systems.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Xiaoming Wang and Chao Yu who assisted with the EDS maps and LA-ICP-MS for detrital zircons at Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. Zuliang Bai, Yajun Xiang, Shugen Gu, Xi Chen, Jiangan Gu, and Yingsi Zou from Feilong Mining Company are thanked for their help in the fieldwork. Thanks to Dr. Duncan Mcintire for his great contribution to the language modification. We are thankful to Bernd Lehmann and Ruizhong Hu for editorial handling and to Mohammed Bouabdellah, Qingfei Wang, and an anonymous reviewer for highly constructive comments.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41922022, 41773042, 41773043, 41772088, and 41702082), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (No. XDA20070304), the Basic Scientific Research Foundation of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (No. 2105), the Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of the Ministry of Natural Resources (No. J1901-6), and IGCP-662 program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China

    Longlong Yue, Yingchao Liu, Yucai Song & Liangliang Zhuang

  2. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China

    Wang Ma & Bolang Tang

Authors
  1. Longlong Yue
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  2. Yingchao Liu
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  3. Yucai Song
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  4. Wang Ma
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Contributions

LY and YL led this research, wrote the manuscript, and undertook the analyses. LY drafted the figures. YS, WM, and LZ contributed to the discussions that formed the basis of this paper. WM and BT participated in the fieldwork and sample preparation.

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Correspondence to Yingchao Liu.

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Editorial handling: R. Hu.

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Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

126_2021_1088_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary file1. C and O isotopic compositions of the Changxing Formation limestone, limestone fragments in breccias, and calcite veins in the roof limestones of the breccia belt in the Changdong deposit. (DOCX 22 KB)

Supplementary file2. Sulfur isotopes of pyrite and galena in the Changdong deposit. (DOCX 17 KB)

Supplementary file3. Whole-rock XRD analyses of bedded sediments in the Changdong deposit. (PNG 301 kb)

High Resolution (TIF 16055 kb)

126_2021_1088_MOESM4_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary file4. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating results of detrital zircons from bedded sediments in the Changdong deposit. (XLSX 36 KB)

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Yue, L., Liu, Y., Song, Y. et al. Karst-hosted Mississippi Valley-type Pb–Zn mineralization in fold-thrust systems: a case study of the Changdong deposit in the Sanjiang Belt, China. Miner Deposita 57, 663–684 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01088-7

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