Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO): cephalometric norms for a Moroccan population

Vertikaldimension der Okklusion (VDO) kephalometrische Normen für eine marokkanische Population

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this work was to develop cephalometric standards of the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in Moroccan adults.

Methods

Our data consisted of standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 98 students at the Casablanca Faculty of Dentistry. These included 74 women and 24 men aged 18–34 years, who were selected on the basis of a well-proportioned face, acceptable profile, Class I occlusion, minor or no crowding, and no history of orthodontic treatment. Mean values of seven (six angle and one linear) dentoskeletal parameters were determined from lateral cephalometric radiographs.

Results

These Moroccans tended to exhibit an opening in the VDO in comparison with the standards of Steiner and Wylie and those of other populations: GoGn/SN: 35.4° ± 5.3°, FMA: 25.6° ± 5.1°, Occ/SN: 19.3° ± 4.7°, Occ/Fr: 9.1° ± 4°, SGn/Fr: 59.2° ± 3.4°, ENA-Xi-Pm: 46.2° ± 4.4°, ENA-Me: 69.7 ± 5.9 mm.

Conclusion

Moroccans have distinct cephalometric characteristics, which should be used as the reference in future orthodontic and prosthetic treatments.

Zusammenfassung

Ziele

Ziel der Arbeit war es, an marokkanischen Erwachsenen kephalometrische Standards für die vertikale Dimension der Okklusion (“vertical dimension of occlusion”, VDO) zu entwickeln.

Methoden

Unsere Daten bestanden aus standardisierten Fernröntgenseitbildern (FRS) von 98 Studierenden der zahnmedizinischen Fakultät an der Universität Casablanca, Marokko. Die Probanden, 74 Frauen und 24 Männer im Alter von 18–34 Jahren, wurden nach folgenden Kriterien ausgewählt: gut proportioniertes Gesicht, akzeptables Profil, Klasse-I-Okklusion, kein bzw. kaum Engstand und keine frühere kieferorthopädische Behandlung. Für 7 dentoskelettale Parameter (6 Winkel, eine Distanz) wurden anhand der FRS Durchschnittswerte ermittelt.

Ergebnisse

Bei den im Rahmen der Studie untersuchten Marokkanern bestand im Vergleich zu sowohl den von Steiner und Wylie entwickelten Standards als auch zu denen anderer Populationen eine Tendenz zu einer Öffnung in der VDO: GoGn/SN: 35,4 ± 5,3°, FMA: 25,6 ± 5,1°, Occ/SN: 19,3 ± 4,7°, Occ/Fr: 9,1 ± 4°, SGn/Fr: 59,2 ± 3,4°, ENA-Xi-Pm: 46,2 ± 4,4°, ENA-Me: 69,7 ± 5,9 mm.

Schlussfolgerung

Bei Marokkanern bestehen ausgeprägte kephalometrische Charakteristika, die künftig als Referenzwerte bei der Planung kieferorthopädischer und prothetischer Behandlungen verwendet werden sollten.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ajayi EO (2005) Cephalometric norms of Nigerian children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 128(5):653–656

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Batarec E (1972) Lexicon of the terms of dental prosthesis. Julien Prelate, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  3. Davoody PR, Sassouni V (1978) Dentofacial pattern differences between Iranians and American Caucasians. Am J Orthod 73(6):667–675

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dawson EP (1989) Evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of occlusal problems. CV Mosby, St Louis, pp 55–69

    Google Scholar 

  5. Fayz F, Eslami A (1988) Determination of vertical occlusal dimension: a literature review. J Prosthet Dent 59(3):321–323 (Review)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Garcia CJ (1975) Cephalometric evaluation of Mexican Americans using the Downs and Steiner analyses. Am J Orthod 68(1):67–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gaspard MR (1985) Troubles of dental occlusion and Sadam. In: Procodif-editor Collection of the Dental surgeon

  8. Lahlou K, Bahoum A, Makhoukhi MB, el Aalloula H (2010) Comparison of dentoalveolar protrusion values in Moroccans and other populations. Eur J Orthod 32(4):430–434

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Orthlieb JD, Laurent M, Laplanche O (2000) Cephalometric estimation of vertical dimension of occlusion. J Oral Rehabil 27(9):802–807

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Orthlieb JD, Rebibo M, Mantout B (2002) The vertical dimension of occlusion in fixed prosthesis: decision criteria. Cah Prothèse 120:67–79

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rivera-Morales WC, Mohl ND (1991) Relationship of occlusal vertical dimension to the health of the masticatory system. J Prosthet Dent 65(4):547–553 Review

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rugh JD, Drago CJ (1981) Vertical dimension: study off clinical rest position and jaw muscle activity. J Prosthet Dent 45(6):670–675

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Scheideman GB, Bell WH, Legan HL, Finn RA, Reisch JS (1980) Cephalometric analysis of dentofacial normals. Am J Orthod 78(4):404–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sharma JN (2011) Steiner’ S cephalometric norms for the Nepalese population. J Orthod 38(1):21–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Turrell AJ (1972) Clinical assessment of vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 28(3):238–246 (Review)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Woda A, Pionchon P, Palla S (2001) Regulation of mandibular postures: mechanisms and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12(2):166–178 (Review)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, dental faculty , Hassan II university of casablanca, Rue 7, numéro 63 lotissement espérance 2, Ain Sbaa, Casablanca, Morocco

    Lahcen Ousehal

  2. Department of Prosthodontics, dental faculty , Hassan II university of casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco

    ElMehdi Jouhadi & Anas Bennani

Authors
  1. Lahcen Ousehal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. ElMehdi Jouhadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anas Bennani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lahcen Ousehal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Lahcen Ousehal, ElMehdi Jouhadi, and Anas Bennani state that there are no conflicts of interest.

All studies on humans described in the present manuscript were carried out with the approval of the responsible ethics committee and in accordance with national law and the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 (in its current, revised form). Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in studies.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ousehal, L., Jouhadi, E. & Bennani, A. Vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO): cephalometric norms for a Moroccan population. J Orofac Orthop 77, 39–44 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-015-0006-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-015-0006-0

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Search

Navigation