Skip to main content
Log in

The norms of thought: Are they social?

  • Articles
  • Section on “Norms, Society and Cognition’
  • Published:
Mind & Society Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A commonplace in contemporary philosophy is that mental content has normative properties. A number of writers associate this view to the idea that the normativity of content is essentially connected to its social character. I agree with the first thesis, but disagree with the second. The paper examines three kinds of views according to which the norms of thought and content are social: Wittgenstein’s rule following considerations, Davidson’s triangulation argument, and Brandom’s inferential pragmatics, and criticises each. It is argued that there are objective conceptual norms constitutive of mental content, but that these are not essentially social.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Axelrod, R. (1984)The evolution of cooperation (New York, Basic Books).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. & Hacker, P. (1984)Scepticism, rules and language (Oxford, Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, S. (1985) The individual strikes back,Synthese, 58, pp. 281–301; also in hisEssays in quasi realism (1993) (Oxford, Oxford University Press).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boudon, R. (1993)Le Juste et le vrai (Paris, Fayard).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandom, R. (1994)Making it explicit (Harvard, Harvard University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burge, T. (1979) Individualism and the mental,Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 4, pp. 73–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burge, T. (1993) Content preservation,Philosophical Review, 102, pp. 457–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burge, T. (1996) Our entitlement to self knowledge,Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, XCVI, pp. 91–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. (1993) Objects and objectivity, in C. Peacocke (Ed.),Objectivity, simulation and the unity of consciousness, Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 3–20 (Oxford, Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Child, W. (1994)Causality, interpretation, and the mind (Oxford, Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, D. (1984)Inquiries into truth and interpretation (Oxford, Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, D. (1990) Three varieties of knowledge, in A.P. Griffith (Ed.),A.J. Ayer: Memorial essays, pp. 153–166 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, P. (1999) The norms of the mental, in L. Hahn (Ed.),The philosophy of Donald Davidson, pp. 447–459 (Open Court, La Salle, IL, The Library of Living Philosophers).

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, P. (2000) Wherein lies the normative dimension in mental content?,Philosophical Studies, 3, pp. 305–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, P. (2001) Is truth a norm?, in P. Kotatko, P. Pagin & G. Segal (Eds.),Interpreting Davidson, (Stanford, CSLI, Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Esfeld, M. (2001)Holism in the philosophy of mind and in the philosophy of physics (Dordrecht, Kluwer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbard, A. (1996) Thought, norms and discursive practice: a review of Brandom’s “Making it explicit”,Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LVI, 3, pp. 699–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harman, G. (1986)Change in view (Cambridge Mass., MIT Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haukioja, J. (2000)Rule following, response dependence and realism (Reports from the Dept of Philosophy, University of Turku).

  • Kripke, S. (1981)Wittgenstein on rules and private language (Oxford, Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, J. (1984) Wittgenstein on following a ruleSynthese, 58, pp. 325–363; repr. in hisMeaning, knowledge and reality (Harvard, Harvard University Press, 1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGinn, C. (1984)Wittgenstein on meaning (Oxford, Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacocke, C. (1992)A study of concepts (Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacocke, C. (1996) Our entitlement to self-knowledge,Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, XCVI, pp. 117–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacocke, C. (1999)Being known (Oxford, Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, P. (1993)The common mind (Oxford, Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, P. (1998) Defining and defending social holism,Philosophical Explorations, 1, pp. 169–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellars, W. (1963)Science, perception and reality (London, Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, G. (1997) Who makes the rules around here?Philosophical and Phenomenological Research, LVII, 1, pp. 163–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1953)Philosophische Untersuchungen, tr. E. Anscombe,Philosophical investigations, (Oxford, Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, C. (1986) What would be a cogent argument against private language? in P. Pettit & J. McDowell (Eds.),Subject, object, thought and context (Oxford, Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, C. (1993)Realism, meaning and truth (Oxford, Blackwell, 1st ed. 1987).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Engel, P. The norms of thought: Are they social?. Mind & Society 2, 129–148 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02512078

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02512078

Keywords

Navigation