Summary
The use of liquid crystals as stationary phases for liquid chromatography is reviewed. The synthetic pathways used for covalent immobilization of low-molecular-weight liquid crystals on the silica-gel surface are discussed. The techniques used to characterize stationary phase structure are also presented. Finally, trend for replacement of low-molecular-weight liquid crystals by liquid-crystalline polymers, either coated or bonded, is described. Examples are given of the separation of specific chemical compounds on liquid-crystalline stationary phases.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kelker, H.; Von Schivizhoffen, E.Adv. Chromatogr. 1968,6, 247.
Schroeder, J.P. InLiquid Crystals and Plastic Crystals, Vol. 1: Gray G.W.; Winsor P.A., Eds, Ellis Horwood, Holsted Press, New York,1974, Chap. 7, p. 356.
Janini, G.M.Adv. Chromatogr. 1979,17, 231.
Witkiewicz, Z.,J. Chromatogr. 1989,251, 311.
Witkiewicz, Z.J. Chromatogr. 1989,466, 37.
Witkiewicz, Z.; Mazur, J.LC-GC 1990,8, 224.
Hsu, C.S.Prog. Polym. Sci. 1997,22, 829.
Taylor, J.; Sherman, P.L.J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1979,2, 1271.
Aratskova, A.A.; Vetrova, Z.P.; Yashin, Y.I.J. Chromatogr. 1986,365, 27.
Pesek, J.J.; Cash, T.Chromatographia 1989,27, 559.
Pesek, J.J.; Siouffi, A.M.Anal. Chem. 1989,61,1928.
Pesek, J.J.; Lu, Y.; Siouffi, A.M.; Granperrin, F.Chromatographia 1991,31, 147.
Pesek, J.J.; Vidensek, M.A.; Miller, M.J. Chromatogr. 1991,556, 373.
Pesek, J.J.; Miller, M.; Lu, Y.F.Chromatographia 1993,35, 85.
Jinno, K.; Saito, Y.; Mahlan, R.; Pesek, J.J.; Fetzer, J.C.; Biggs, W.B.J. Chromatogr. 1991,557, 459.
Saito, Y.; Jinno, K.; Pesek, J.J.; Chen, Y.L.; Luehr, G.; Archer, J.; Fetzer, J.C.; Biggs, W.B.Chromatographia 1994,38, 395.
Saito, Y.; Ohta, H.; Nagashima, H.; Itah, K.; Jinno, K.; Pesek, J.J.;J. Microcolumn Sep. 1995,7, 41.
Saunder, L.C.; Callis, J.B.; Field, L.R.Anal. Chem. 1983,55, 1068.
Wise, S.A.; Sander, L.C.J. High Resol. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1985,8, 248.
Terrien, I.; Achard M.-F.; Félix, G.; Hardouin, F.J. Chromatogr. A 1998,810, 19.
Terrien, I., Ph.D., Thesis, Université Bordeaux I, Bordeaux, No. 1911,1998.
Sandoval, J.E.; Pesek, J.J.Anal. Chem. 1989,61, 2067.
Sandoval, J.E.; Pesek, J.J. US Patent 5017540,1991.
Sandoval, J.E.; Pesek, J.J.Anal. Chem. 1991,63, 2634.
Chu, C.H.; Jonssen, E.; Auvinen, M.; Pesek, J.J.; Sandoval, J.E.Anal. Chem. 1993,65, 808.
Pesek, J.J.; Matyska, M.; Sandoval, J.E.; Williamsen, E.J.,J. Liq. Chromatogr. Related Technol. 1996,19, 2843.
Pesek, J.J.; Matyska, M.; Hemphälä, H.Chromatographia 1996,43, 10.
Pesek, J.J.; Matyska, M.; Hemphälä, H.; Chrystensen, P.J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1995,18, 2507.
Shah, S., MSc Thesis, San Jose State University,1991.
Pesek, J.J.; Matyska, M.; Williamsen, E.J.; Tam, R.Chromatographia 1995,41, 301.
Pesek, J.J.; Matyska, M.; Williamsen, E.J.; Tam, R.; Wang, Z.J. Liq. Chromatogr. Related Technol. 1998,21, 2747.
Catabay, A.; Saito, Y.; Okumura, C.; Jinno, K.; Pesek, J.J.; Williamsen, E.J. Microcolumn Sep. 1997,9, 81.
Catabay, A.; Okumura, C.; Jinno, K.; Pesek, J.J.; Williamsen, E.; Fetzer, J.C.; Biggs, W.R.Chromatographia 1998,47, 13.
Ohta, H.; Saito, Y.; Jinno, K.; Pesek, J.J.; Matyska, M.T.; Chen, Y.L. Archer, J.; Fetzer, J.C.; Biggs, W.R.Chromatographia 1995,40, 507.
Delaurent, C.; Tomao, V.; Siouffi, A.M.Chromatographia 1997,47, 355.
Ferroukhi, O.; Guermouche, S.; Guermouche, M.H.; Berdagué, P.; Bayle, J.P., Lafontaine, E.Chromatographia 1998,48, 823.
Ferroukhi, O.; Atik, N.; Guermouche, S.; Berdagué, P.; Judenstein, P.; Bayle, J.P.Chromatographia 2000,52, 564.
Pesek, J.J.; Matyska, M.T.; Muley, S.Chromatographia 2000,52, 439.
Klein, B.H.; Springer, J.J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1991,14, 1519.
Klein, B.H.; Springer, J.J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1991,14, 1539.
Terrien, I.; Félix, G.; Laguerre, M.; Achard, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1999,331, 431.
Gritti, F.; Félix, G.; Archard, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.J. Chromatogr. A 2000,893, 359.
Gritti, F.; Félix, G.; Achard, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.J. Chromatogr. A 2000,897, 131.
Gritti, F.; Félix, G.; Achard, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.J. Chromatogr. A 2001,913, 147.
Gritti, F.; Sourigues, S.; Félix, G.; Achard, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.Chromatographia 2002,55, 149.
Gritti, F.; Félix, G.; Achard, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.;J. Chromatogr. A 2001,922, 51.
Gritti, F.; Félix, G.; Achard, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.Chromatographia, in press.
Gritti, F., Ph.D. Thesis, Université Bordeaux I, Bordeaux, No. 2397,2001.
Hirayama, C.; Ihara, H.; Mukai, T.Macromolecules,1992,25, 6357.
Fukumoto, T.; Ihara, H.; Sakaki, S.; Shosenji, H.; Hirayama, C.J. Chromatogr. 1994,672, 237.
Ihara, H.; Nagaoka, S.; Tanaka, H.; Sakaki, S.; Hirayama, C.J. Liq. Chromatogr. Related Technol. 1996,19, 2967.
Chowdhury, M.A.J.; Ihara, H.; Sagawa, T.; Hirayama, C.J. Chromatogr. A 2000,877 71.
Chowdhury, M.A.J.; Ihara, H.; Sagawa, T.; Hirayama, C.Chromatographia 2000,52, 45.
Gritti, F.; Terrien, I.; Félix, G.; Menu, S.; Dufourc, E.J.; Archad, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.J. Chromatogr. A 2001,922, 37.
Wolf, C.; Pirkle, W.H.J. Chromatogr. A 1998,799, 177.
Rokushika, S.R.; Naikwadi, K.P.; Jadhav, A.L.; Hatano, H.J. High Resol. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1985,8, 480.
Rokushika, S.R.; Naikwadi, K.P.; Jadhav, A.L.; Hatano, H.Chromatographia 1986,22, 480.
Wooley, C.L., Ph.D. Dissertation, Brigham Young University,1987.
Chang, H.C.K.; Markides, K.E.; Bradshaw, J.J.; Lee, M.L.J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1988,26, 280.
Chang, H.C.K.; Markides, K.E.; Bradshaw, J.J.; Lee, M.L.J. Microcolum Sep. 1989,1, 131.
Jinno, K.; Mae, H.; Saito, Y.; Pesek, J.J.; Fetzer, J.C.; Biggs, W.R.J. Microcolumn Sep. 1991,3, 417.
Shen, Y.; Bradshow, J.S.; Lee M.L.Chromatographia 1996,43, 53.
Pesek, J.J.; Williamsen, E.J.Trends Anal. Chem. 1992,11, 259.
Gritti, F.; Félix, G.; Achrad, M.-F.; Hardouin, F.Chromatographia 2001,53, 201.
Ferroukhi, O.; Guermouche, S.; Guermouche, M.H.; Berdagué, P.; Courtieu, J.; Bayle, J.P.Chromatographia 2000,51, 701.
Bentrop, O.; Kohr, J.; Engelhardt, H.Chromatographia 1991,32, 171.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gritti, F., Félix, G. Application of liquid crystals in liquid chromatography. From low- to high-molecular-weight liquid crystals. Chromatographia 55, 523–531 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492897
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492897