Abstract
There is a great deal of variation in the encoding of spoken texts in electronic form, both with respect to the types of features represented and the way particular features are rendered. This paper surveys problems in the electronic representation of speech and presents the solutions proposed by the Text Encoding Initiative. The special tags needed for the encoding of spoken texts are discussed, including a mechanism for temporal alignment. Further work is needed on phonological aspects, parallel representation, and on the development of software which connects the systematic underlying representation with a workable format for input and display.
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Stig Johansson is Professor of English Language at the Department of British and American Studies, University of Oslo. He is co-ordinating secretary of the International Computer Archive of Modern English (ICAME) and editor of theICAME Journal. Recent publications includeFrequency Analysis of English Vocabulary and Grammar (with Knut Hofland, Clarendon Press, 1989) andEnglish Computer Corpora (with Anna-Brita Stenström, Mouton de Gruyter, 1991).
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Johansson, S. The encoding of spoken texts. Comput Hum 29, 149–158 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830708
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830708