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Late Cretaceous deep-water agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages from the North Atlantic and its marginal seas

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Zusammenfassung

Die stratigraphische und biogeographische Verbreitung von mehr als 170 Arten sandschaliger benthischer Tiefwasser-Foraminiferen wurde im Nordatlantik und seinen Randmeeren untersucht. Hierbei wurden die in den einzelnen Untersuchungsgebieten unterschiedlichen Paläoenvironment- Bedingungen (Wassertiefe, Sauerstoffverhältnisse am Ozeanboden, detritischer Eintrag und Beeinträchtigung des Substrats durch Strömungs- und Sedimentationsprozesse) zu der jeweiligen taxonomischen Zusammensetzung der agglutinierenden Benthos-Fauna in Beziehung gesetzt. Für den Zeitraum vom Turon bis zum Maastricht ließen sich zwölf charakteristische Vergesellschaftungen agglutinierender Tiefwasser-Foraminiferen unterscheiden, die in sechs Hauptgruppen zusammengefaßt werden können:

  1. 1.

    Kontinentalhang-Vergesellschaftungen hoher Breiten

  2. 2.

    Kontinentalhang-Vergesellschaftungen niedriger bis mittlerer Breiten

  3. 3.

    Flysch-Vergesellschaftungen

  4. 4.

    Vergesellschaftungen pelagischer Kalke (»Scaglia«-Typ)

  5. 5.

    Abyssale gemischt kalkschalige und agglutinierende Benthos-Vergesellschaftungen

  6. 6.

    Abyssale rein agglutinierende Vergesellschaftungen Biogeographische Unterschiede in der Faunenzusammensetzung korrelieren vor allem mit der geographischen Breite, wobei besonders das Fehlen kalkschaliger Elemente in Faunen hoher Breiten auffällt. Ost-West-Unterschiede sind von geringerer Bedeutung, die Mehrzahl der Arten tritt in allen untersuchten Gebieten auf und kann als kosmopolitisch angesehen werden.

Faunenschnitte können im basalen Turon, im mittleren Campan und an der Kreide/Tertiär-Grenze beobachtet werden. Diese Zeitabschnitte sind durch überregionale paläoozeanographische Events charakterisiert, die wahrscheinlich auch das Tiefsee-Benthos beeinflußt haben. Dieser Zusammenhang zwischen der Evolution agglutinierender Tiefsee- Foraminiferen und globalen, zeitkonstanten Events ermöglicht eine biostratigraphische Gliederung der Sub-CCD Serien des Nordatlantik mit Hilfe sandschaliger Foraminiferen, die sich weitgehend mit den Zonierungen, die in den Flyschzonen der Karpathen und Alpen entwickelt wurden, korrelieren läßt.

Abstract

The stratigraphic and biogeographic distribution of more than 170 species of deep-water agglutinated benthic foraminifers (DWAF) from the North Atlantic and adjacent marginal seas has been compared with paleoenvironmental data (e.g. paleobathymetry, oxygenation of the bottom waters, amount of terrigenous input and substrate disturbance). Six general types of assemblages, in which deep water agglutinated taxa occur, are defined from the Turonian to Maastrichtian times:

  1. 1.

    High latitude slope assemblages

  2. 2.

    Low to mid latitude slope assemblages

  3. 3.

    Flysch-type assemblages

  4. 4.

    Deep water limestone assemblages (»Scaglia«-type)

  5. 5.

    Abyssal mixed calcareous-agglutinated assemblages

  6. 6.

    Abyssal purely agglutinated assemblages Latitudinal differences in faunal composition are observed, the most important of which is the lack or extreme paucity of calcareous forms in high latitude assemblages. East-to-west differences appear to be of comparatively minor importance. Most DWAF species occur in all studied regions and are thus considered as cosmopolitan.

Biostratigraphic turnovers in the taxonomic content of assemblages are observed in the lowermost Turonian, mid- Campanian and in the upper Maastrichtian to lowermost Paleocene. These datum levels correspond to inter-regional and time-constant paleooceanographic events, which probably also affected the deep-water benthic biota. This allows us to use deep-water agglutinated foraminifers for biostratigraphy in the North Atlantic sequences deposited below CCD and to geographically extend the currently used zonal schemes which have been established in the Carpathian and Alpine areas.

Résumé

La répartition stratigraphique et biogéographique de plus de cent soixante dix espèces de foraminifères benthiques agglutinants d'eaux profondes de l'Océan Atlantique Nord et des mers adjacentes a été examinée en fonction des paramètres du paléoenvironnement (paléobathymétrie, oxygénation et dynamique des eaux de fond, apports détritiques terrigènes). Sur une période s'étendant du Turonien au Maestrichtien, six types principaux d'associations, comprenant en tout ou partie des taxons agglutinants profonds, ont été définis:

  1. 1.

    associations de talus en haute latitude

  2. 2.

    associations de talus en basse latitude

  3. 3.

    associations de type flysch

  4. 4.

    associations de calcaires pélagiques (type »Scaglia«)

  5. 5.

    associations abyssales de type mixte avec foraminifères à test calcaire et foraminifères agglutinants

  6. 6.

    associations abyssales uniquement composées d'agglutinants.

Des différences latitudinales sont apparues dans la composition faunique: la plus importante réside dans l'absence ou la très grande rareté des formes à test calcaire dans les associations de haute latitude. Des différences en longitude, d'est en ouest, apparaissent comparativement d'importance mineure. La plupart des espèces de foraminifères agglutinants d'eaux profondes se rencontrent dans toutes les régions étudiées et peuvent donc être considérées comme ubiquistes.

De nettes coupures biostratigraphiques, fondées sur des renouvellements fauniques, sont décelées au Turonien basal, au Campanien moyen et au passage Meastrichtien supérieur-Paléocène basal. Ces niveaux repères correspondent à des événements paléo-océanographiques isochrones et d'extension supra-régionale, qui ont probablement affecté aussi les formes benthiques d'eaux profondes. Ceci nous incite à utiliser les foraminifères benthiques profonds pour la biostratigraphie des séries Nord-Atlantique déposées sous la CCD et par corrélation nous permet d'étendre géographiquement l'usage de zonations initialement définies dans le domaine alpino-carpathique.

Краткое содержание

Исследовали стратиг рафическое распрост ранение более, чем 170 видов аггл ютинированных форам инифер бентоса из седименто в глубоководных отло жений. В отдельных исследов анных областях поста рались установить связь меж ду палеоусловиями ср еды отложения (глубина во ды, количество кислор ода в придонных горизонта х ее, принос детрита и в лияние течений и процессов с едиментации) и сообще ствами определенных таксон омических групп аллютинированной фауны бентоса. В интер вале от Турона до Маас трихта удается выделить 12 хар актерных сообществ агглютинированных г лубоководных форами нифер, которые можно свести в 6 групп таким образом:

  1. 1.

    Сообщества материко вого склона высоких ш ирот.

  2. 2.

    Сообщества материко вого склона низких и с редних широт.

  3. 3.

    Сообщества флиша.

  4. 4.

    Сообщества на пелаги ческих известняках (Т ип Scaglia).

  5. 5.

    Абиссальные сообщес тва бентоса, как агглютинированного, так и с известковым ск елетом.

  6. 6.

    Абиссальные сообщес тва бентоса из исключ ительно агглютинированных ф ораминифер.

Биогеографические р азличия распростран ения сообществ фауны удается коррел ировать прежде всего с географической широ той, причем в высоких ш иротах бросается в глаза отс утствие видов с извес тковым скелетом. Различия между восто чной и западной часть ю океана играют второс тепенную роль; болыпе нство видов отмечено во все х исследованных реги онах и их можно считать космоп олитами. Смену фауны можно наб людать на базисе туро на, в среднем кампане и на р убеже мел/третичный п ериод.

Эти отрезки времени х арактеризуются сверхрегиональными палеогеографически ми событиями, которые, по всей вероятности, п овлияли на бентос глу бин. Такая зависимость эволюци и агглютинированных фораминифер глубоководья и глоба льных, временно связанных событий, ра зрешает провести биостратиграфическ ие подразделиния на суб серии в северной Атлантике по агглюти нированным форамини ферам, которые можно коррел ировать с зонами, разв итыми во флишах Карпат и Аль п.

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  1. Wolfgang Kuhnt

    Present address: Geologisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Sigwartstr. 10, D-7400, Tübingen

  2. Michael A. Kaminski

    Present address: Centre for Marine Geology, Dalhousie University, B3H 3J5, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

  3. Michel Moullade

    Present address: Laboratoire de Micropaléontologie et de Géologie Marines (Centre de Recherches »Jean Cuvillier«), Université de Nice, Parc Valrose, F-06034, Nice Cedex

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    1. Wolfgang Kuhnt
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    2. Michael A. Kaminski
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    3. Michel Moullade
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    Kuhnt, W., Kaminski, M.A. & Moullade, M. Late Cretaceous deep-water agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages from the North Atlantic and its marginal seas. Geol Rundsch 78, 1121–1140 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01829336

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