Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis in geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum Bailey cv ‘Scarlet Orbit Improved’) can be achieved by incubating hypocotyl explants on MS medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ; 10 μM for 3 days followed by subculture on medium devoid of any plant growth regulators. The presence of gibberellins (GAs) during both the induction and expression phases of embryogenesis was significantly detrimental to somatic embryo formation on the hypocotyl explants. The addition of the GA-synthesis inhibitors paclobutrazol, uniconazole or ancymidol during the period of growth and differentiation of somatic embryos increased the number of somatic embryos formed on each explant. However, paclobutrazol added during the period of induction had no significant influence on somatic embryo formation. Results suggest that both exogenously supplied as well as endogenous GAs play a role, albeit a negative one, on somatic embryogenesis of geranium.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- MS :
-
Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium
- MSO :
-
basal medium devoid of any plant growth regulator
- TDZ :
-
N-phenyl-N′1,2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron)
References
Ezura H, Harberd NP (1995) Endogenous gibberellin levels influence in-vitro shoot regeneration inArabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 197:301–305
Fujimura T, Komamine A (1975) Effects of various growth regulators on the embryogenesis in carrot cell suspension culture. Plant Sci Lett 5:359–364
Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K (1968) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50:151–158
Grossmann K (1990) Plant growth retardants as tools in physiological research. Physiol Plant 78:640–648
Halperin W (1970) Embryos from somatic plant cells. In: Padykula HA (ed) Control mechanisms in the expression of cellular phenotypes (Symp Int Soc for Cell Biol). Academic Press, New York London, pp 169–191
Hutchinson MJ, Saxena PK (1996) Acetylsalicylic acid enhances and synchronizes thidiazuron-induced somatic embryogenesis in geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum Bailey) tissue cultures. Plant Cell Rep 15:512–515
Hutchinson MJ, KrishnaRaj S, Saxena PK (1996) Morphological and physiological changes during thidiazuron-induced somatic embryogenesis in geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum Bailey) hypocotyl cultures. Int J Plant Sci 157:440–446
Jindal KK, Hemberg T (1976) Influence of gibberellic acid on growth and endogenous auxin levels in epicotyl and hypocotyl tissue of normal and dwarf bean plants. Physiol Plant 38:78–82
Komamine A, Kawara R, Matsumoto M, Sunabori S, Toya T, Fujimura T (1992) Mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis in cell cultures: physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 28:11–14
Law DM (1987) Gibberellin-enhanced indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis:D-tryptophan as the precursor of indole-3-acetic acid. Physiol Plant 70:626–632
Law DM, Davis PJ (1990) Comparative indole-3-acetic acid levels in the slender pea and other pea phenotypes. Plant Physiol 93: 1539–1543
Law DM, Hamilton RH (1984) Effects of gibberellic acid on endogenous indole-3-acetic acid and indoleacetyl aspartic acid levels in dwarf pea. Plant Physiol 75:255–256
Michalczuk L, Cooke TJ, Cohen JD (1992) Auxin levels at different stages of carrot somatic embryogenesis. Phytochemistry 31:1097–1103
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497
Noma M, Huber J, Pharis RP (1979) Occurrence of1(10)gibberellin A1 counterpart, GA1, GA4 and GA7 in somatic cell embryo cultures of carrot and anise. Agric Biol Chem 43:1793–1794
Noma M, Huber J, Ernst D, Pharis RP (1982) Quantitation of gibberellins and the metabolism of [3H] gibberellin A, during somatic embryogenesis in carrot and anise cell cultures. Planta 155:369–376
SAS Inc (1995) SAS users' guide: statistics version 6. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.
Skoog F, Miller CO (1957) Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp Soc Exp Biol 11:118–140
Tisserat B, Murashige T (1977) Repression of asexual embryogenesis in vitro by some plant growth regulators. In Vitro 13:799–805
Valdovinos JG, Sastry KS (1968) The effect of gibberellin on tryptophan conversion and elongation of the Avena coleoptile. Physiol Plant 21:1280–1286
Yamane H, Murofushi N, Takahashi N (1975) Metabolism of gibberellins in maturing and germinating bean seeds. Phytochemistry 14:1195–1200
Yamane H, Murofushi N, Osada H, Takahashi N (1977) Metabolism of gibberellin in early immature bean seeds. Phytochemistry 16:831–835
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by F. Constabel
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hutchinson, M.J., KrishnaRaj, S. & Saxena, P.K. Inhibitory effect of GA3 on the development of thidiazuron-induced somatic embryogenesis in geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum Bailey) hypocotyl cultures. Plant Cell Reports 16, 435–438 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01146789
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01146789