Abstract
Lichen transplants of Hypogymnia physodes were used in a high-density network of sites for collecting airborne metals from the atmosphere in Armadale, a small industrial town in central Scotland. The mapping of the concentrations of various metals revealed a gradient of metal values which decreased outwards from the town's steel foundry. The findings were discussed in the context of a previous epidemiological investigation of lung disease in the town.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
FolkesonL.: 1978, ‘Interspecies Calibration of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Nine Mosses and Lichens: Applicability to Deposition Measurements’, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 11, 253–260.
GaileyF. A. Y. and LloydO. Ll.: 1984, ‘A Wind Tunnel Study of the Flow of Air Pollution in Armadale, Central Scotland’, Ecology of Disease 2, 419–431.
Gailey, F. A. Y. and Lloyd, O. Ll.: 1985a, ‘Methodological Investigations into low Technology Monitoring of Atmospheric Pollution. Part III. The Degree of the Consistency of the Metal Concentrations’, Environ. Pollut., in press.
Gailey, F. A. Y. and Lloyd, O. Ll.: 1985b, ‘Methodological Investigations into low Technology Monitoring of Atmospheric Pollution. Part I. The Effects of Sampler Size on Metal Concentrations’. Environ. Pollut., in press.
KrogH. and BrandtN.: 1975, ‘Lav som indikatorplante studier av luftforuensniger’. Norw. Inst. Air Research Kjeller, Norway.
LaaksovirtaK. and OlkkonenH.: 1977, ‘Epiphytic Lichen Vegetation and Element Contents of Hypogymnia physodes and Pine Needles Examined as Indicators of Air Pollution at Kokkola, W. Finland’, Ann. Bot. Fennici 14, 112–130.
LaaksovirtaK. and OlkkonenH.: 1979, ‘Effect of Air Pollution on Epiphytic Lichen Vegetation and Element Content of a Lichen and Pine Needles at Valkeakoski, Finland’, Ann. Bot. Fennici 16, 285–296.
LaaksovirtaK., OlkkonenH. and AlatuijalaP.: 1976, ‘Observations on the Pb content of lichen and bark adjacent to a highway in Southern Finland’, Environ. Pollut. 11, 247–255.
LeBlancF. and RaoD. N.: 1973, ‘Effects of Sulphur Dioxide on Lichen and Moss Transplants’, Ecology 54, 612–617.
LloydO. Ll.: 1978, ‘Respiratory Cancer Clustering Associated with Localised Industrial Air Pollution’, The Lancet 8059, 318–320.
LloydO. Ll. and BarclayR.: 1979, ‘Hypothesis: A short Latent Period for Respiratory Cancer in a ‘Susceptible’ Population’, Community Medicine 1, 210–220.
LloydO. Ll., SclareG., LloydM. M., and YuleF. A.: 1982, ‘Respiratory Cancer in a Scottish Community: Some Pathological, Occupational and General Environmental Considerations’, in GrundmannE., ClemmesenJ., and MuirC. S. (eds.), Cancer Campaign 6, Cancer Epidemiology Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 103–114.
LodeniusM.: 1981, ‘Regional Distribution of Hg in Hypogymnia physodes in Finland’, Ambio 10, 183–184.
LodeniusM. and KumpulainenJ.: 1983, ‘Cadmium, Fe and Zn Content of the Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia physodes in a Finnish Suburb’, The Science of the Total Environment, 32, 81–85.
NashIII.T. and SommerfieldM.: 1981, ‘Elemental Concentrations in Lichens in the Area of the Four Corners Power Plant, New Mexico’, Environmental and Experimental Botany 21, 153–162.
O'HareG.: 1974, ‘Lichens and Bark Acidification as Indicators of Air Pollution in West Central Scotland’, J. Biogeography 1, 135–146.
PilegaardK.: 1979, ‘Heavy Metals in Bulk Precipitation and Transplanted Hypogymnia physodes and Dicranowesia cirrata in the Vicinity of a Danish Steelworks’, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 11, 77–91.
PuckettL. J., NieboerE., BorzynskiM. J., and RichardsonD. H. S.: 1973, ‘The Uptake of metal Ions by Lichens: A Modified Ion Exchange process’, New Phytol 72, 329–342.
PunzW.: 1979, ‘The Effects of Single and Combined Pollutants on Lichen Water Content’, Biologia plantarum (Praha), 21, 472–474.
RasmussenL.: 1978, ‘Element Content of Epiphytic Hypnum cupressiforme Related to Element Content of Bark of Different Species of Phorophytes’, Lindbergia 4, 208–218.
SochtingU. and JohnsenI.: 1978, ‘Lichen Transplants as Biological Indicators of SO Air Pollution in Copenhagen’, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19, 1–7.
SteinnesF. and KrogH.: 1977, ‘Mercury, As and Se Fall-Out from an Industrial Complex Studied by Means of Lichen Transplants’, Oikos 28, 160–167.
YuleF. A. and LloydO. Ll.: 1984a, ‘The Metal Content of an Indigenous Moss in Armadale, Central Scotland’, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 21, 261–270.
YuleF. A. and LloydO. Ll.: 1984b, ‘An Index of Atmospheric Pollution Survey in Armadale, Central Scotland’, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 22, 27–45.
YuleF. A. and LloydO. Ll.: 1984c, ‘Low Technology Monitoring of Air Pollution by Metals, in Relation to the Geography of Lung Cancer’, in SundermanF. W.Jr. (ed.) Nickel in the Human Environment, IARC, Scientific Publications No. 53. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1984, pp. 253–264.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gailey, F.A.Y., Smith, G.H., Rintoul, L.J. et al. Metal deposition patterns in central Scotland, as determined by Lichen transplants. Environ Monit Assess 5, 291–309 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00394070
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00394070