Skip to main content
Log in

Mapping the murine Xce locus with (CA)n repeats

  • Original Contributions
  • Published:
Mammalian Genome Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The X Chromosome (Chr) controlling element locus (Xce) in the mouse has been shown to influence the X inactivation process. Xce maps to the central region of the X Chr, which also contains the Xist sequence, itself possibly implicated in the X inactivation process. Three microsatellite markers spanning the Xist locus have been isolated from an Xist containing YAC. All three microsatellite markers showed complete linkage with Xce in recombinants for the central span of the mouse X Chr between Ta and Mo blo and strong linkage disequilibrium with Xce in all but one of the inbred mouse strains tested. In the standard Xce b typing strain JU/Ct, the two microsatellites most closely flanking Xist fail to carry the allelic forms expected if Xist and Xce are synonymous. Alternative explanations for this finding are presented in the context of our search for understanding the relation between Xist and Xce.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ballabio, A., Willard, H.F. (1992). Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation and the XIST gene. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2, 439–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonhomme, F., Guénet, J.-L. (1988). The wild house mouse and its relatives. In Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse, 2nd ed., M.F. Lyon, A.G. Searle, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 649–662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borsani, B., Tonlorenzi, R., Simmler, M.-C., Dandolo, L., Arnaud, D., Capra, V., Grompe, M., Pizzuti, A., Muzni, D., Lawrence, C., Willard, H.F., Avner, P., Ballabio, A. (1991). Characterization of a murine gene experesed from the inactive X chromosome. Nature 351, 325–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, J.C., Falconer, D.S. (1960). Inbreeding depression and heterosis of litter size in mice. Genet. Res. 1, 262–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockdorff, N., Ashworth, A., Kay, G.F., Cooper, P., Smith, S., McCabe, V.M., Norris, D.P., Penny, G.D., Patel, D., Rastan, S. (1991). Conservation of position and exclusive expression of mouse Xist from the inactive X chromosome. Nature 351, 329–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockdorff, N., Ashworth, A., Kay, G.F., McCabe, V.M., Norris, D.P., Cooper, P.J., Swift, S., Rastan, S. (1992) The product of the mouse Xist gene is a 15 kb inactive X-specific transpcript containing no conserved ORF and located in the nucleus. Cell 71, 515–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach, B.M., Papworth, D. (1981). Controlling elements in the mouse. V. Linkage tests with X-linked genes. Genet. Res. 38, 57–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach, B.M., Perez, J.N. (1970). Parental influence on X-autosome translocation-induced variegation in the mouse. Genet. Res. 15, 43–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach, B.M., Rasberry, C. (1991). Identification of the Mus spretus Xce allele. Mouse Genome 89, 565–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach, B.M., Williams, C.E. (1972). Evidence of non-random X-chromosome activity in the mouse. Genet. Res. 19, 229–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach, B.M., Perez, J.N., Pollard, C.E. (1970). Controlling elements in the mouse X-chromosome. Genet. Res. 15, 189–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach, B.M., Bücher, T., Andrews, S.J. (1982). Location of Xce in the mouse X chromosome and effects of Pgk-1 expression. Genet. Res. 40, 103–104 (Abs.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach, B.M., Rasberry, C., Evans, E.P., Burtenshaw, M. (1989). Further Xce linkage data. Mouse News Lett. 83, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach, B.M., Rasberry, C., Evans, E.P., Dandolo, L., Simmer, M.-C., Avner, P. (1991). Genetic and molecular evidence of an X-chromosome deletion spanning the tabby (Ta) and testicular feminization (Tfm) loci in the mouse. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 56, 137–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Church, G.M., Gilbert, W. (1984). Genomic sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1991–1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornall, R.J., Aitman, T.J., Hearne, C.M., Todd, J.A. (1991). The generation of a library of PCR-analyzed microsatellite variants for genetic mapping of the mouse genome. Genomics 10, 874–881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dallas, J.F. (1992). Estimation of microsatellite mutation rates in recombinant inbred strains of mouse. Mammalian Genome 3, 452–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hästbacka, J., de la Chapelle, A., Kaitila, I., Sistonen, P., Weaver, A., Lauder, E. (1992). Linkage disequilibrium mapping in isolated founder populations: diastrophic dysplasia in Finland. Nature Genet. 2, 204–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazan, J., Dubay, C., Pankowiak, M.-P., Becuwe, N., Weissenbach, J. (1992). A genetic linkage map of human chromosome 20 composed entirely of microsatellite markers. Genomics 12, 183–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heard, E., Simmler, M.-C., Larin, Z., Rougeulle, C., Courtier, B., Lehrach, H., Avner, P. (1993). Physical mapping and YAC contig analysis of the region surrounding Xist on the mouse X chromosome. Genomics 15, 559–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearne, C.M., McAller, M.A., Love, J.M., Aitman, T.J., Cornall, R.J., Ghosh, S., Knight, A.M., Prins, J., Todd J.A. (1991). Additional microsatellite markers for mouse genome mapping. Mammalian Genome 1, 273–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, S.T., Petes, T.D. (1992). Instability of simple sequence DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 2749–2757.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, P.G., Cattanach, B.M. (1981). Controlling elements in the mouse: IV. Evidence of non-random X-inactivation. Genet. Res. 37, 151–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, G.F., Penny, G.D., Patel, D., Ashworth, A., Brockdorff, N., Rastan, S. (1993). Expression of Xist during mouse development suggests a role in initiation of X chromosome inactivation. Cell 72, 171–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larin, Z., Monaco, A.P., Lehrach, H. (1991). Yeast artificial chromosome libraries containing large inserts from mouse and human DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 4123–4127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenhaupt, K., Rich, A., Pardue, M.L. (1989). Nonrandom distribution of long mono- and dinucleotide repeats in Drosophila chromosomes: correlations with dosage compensation, heterochromatin, and recombination. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 1173–1182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, M.F. (1961). Gene action in the X chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature 190, 372–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarrey, J., Dilworth, D.D. (1992). Expression of Xist in mouse germ cells correlates with X-chromosome inactivation. Nature Genet. 2, 200–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagutelli, X., Xerikawa, T., Guénet, J.-L. (1991). PCR-analyzed microsatellites: data concerning laboratory and wild-derived mouse inbred strains. Mammalian Genome 1, 255–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastan, S. (1982). Primary non-random X-inactivation caused by controlling elements in the mouse demonstrated at the cellular level. Genet. Res. 40, 139–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richler, C., Soreq, H., Wahrman, J. (1992). X inactivation in mammalian testis is correlated with inactive X-specific transcription. Nature Genet 2, 192–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rougeulle, C., Colleaux, L., Dujon, B., Avner, P. (1993). Generation and characterization of an ordered lambda clone array for the 460-kb region surrounding the murine Xist sequence. Mammalian Genome, in press.

  • Russell, L.B. (1983). X-autosome translocations in the mouse: their characterization and use as tools to investigate gene inactivation and gene action. In Cytogenetics of the Mammalian X Chromosome, Part A. Basic Mechanisms of X Chromosome Behaviour, A.A. Sandberg, ed. (New York: Slan R. Liss Inc.), pp. 205–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rychlik, W., Rhoads, R.E. (1989). A computer program for choosing optimal oligonucleotides for filter hybridization, sequencing and in vitro amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 17, 8543–8551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salido, E.C., Yen, P.H., Mohandas, T.K., Shapiro, L.J. (1992). Expression of the X-inactivation associated gene XIST during spermatogenesis. Nature Genet. 2, 196–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., Coulson, A.R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 5463–5467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmler, M.-C., Cox, R., Avner, P. (1991). Adaptation of the interspersed repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction to the isolation of mouse DNA probes from somatic cell hybrids on a hamster background. Genomics 10, 770–778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stallings, R.L., Ford, A.F., Nelson, D., Torney, D.C., Hildebrand, C.E., Moyzis, R.K. (1991). Evolution and distribution of (GT)n repetitive sequences in mammalian genomes. Genomics 10, 807–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K.D., Bremer, M. (1990). Mechanisms for the construction and developmental control of heterochromatin formation and imprinted chromosome domains. Development (Suppl.), 35–45.

  • Vignal, A., Gyapay, G., Hazan, J., Nguyen, S., Dupraz, C., Cheron, N., Becuwe, N., Tranchant, M., Weissenbach, J. (1993). A non-radioactive multiplex procedure for genotyping of microsatellite markers. Chromosome and gene analysis. In Methods in Molecular Genetics. Vol. 1, K.W. Adolph, ed. (Orlando: Academic Press), pp. 211–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J.L. (1990). Informativeness of human (dC-dA).(dG-dT)n polymorphisms. Genomics 7, 524–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissenbach, J., Gyapay, G., Dib, C., Vignal, A., Morissette, J., Millasseau, P., Vaysseix, G., Lathrop, M. (1992). A second generation linkage map of the human genome based on highly informative microsatellite loct. Nature 359, 794–801.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, J.D., Chapman, V.M. (1978). Variation for X chromosome expression in mice detected by electrophoresis of phosphoglycerate kinase. Genet. Res. 32, 91–102.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Simmler, MC., Cattanach, B.M., Rasberry, C. et al. Mapping the murine Xce locus with (CA)n repeats. Mammalian Genome 4, 523–530 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00364788

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00364788

Keywords

Navigation