Skip to main content
Log in

Suppression of polarity of insertion mutations within the gal operon of E. coli

  • Published:
Molecular and General Genetics MGG Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Phenotypic revertants of galOP::IS1 and galOP::IS2 mutations have been isolated after mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, they are probably caused by mutations in gene suA. The polarity suppressor mutations described in this study and a known mutation in gene suA isolated by D. Morse (Morse and Guertin, 1972) suppress polarity caused by IS1 more effectively than that caused by IS2 or IS4. Furthermore, suppressibility is influenced by the site and orientation of IS integration.

The synthesis of the three enzymes in galOP::IS suA double mutants is constitutive and the ratio of the three enzymes is altered in comparison to the wild type. The reasons for constitutive synthesis of the galactose enzymes and for the altered ratio of enzyme synthesis are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adhya, S.L., Gottesman, M., de Crombrugghe, B.: Release of polarity in Escherichia coli by gene N of phage λ: Termination and antitermination of transcription. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 71, 2534 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adhya, S.L., Gottesman, M., de Crombrugghe, B., Court, D.: Control of transcription termination. In: RNA polymerase (eds. M. Chamberlin, R. Losick). New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Adhya, S.L., Shapiro, J.: The galactose operon of E. coli K-12. l. Structural and pleiotropic mutations of the operon. Genetics 62, 231 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, K., Korn, L., Lee, F., Platt, T., Squires, C.L., Squires, C., Yanofsky, C.: New features of the regulation of the tryptophan operon. Science 189, 22 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Besemer, J., Wallenstein, H.W.: Insertion IS1 can change the structure of a promoter without impairing its function in vitro. 10. Int. Congress Biochemistry. Hamburg 1976, book of abstracts (in prep.)

  • Buttin, G.: Mechanismes régulateurs dans la biosynthèse des enzymes du metabolisme du galactose chez Escherichia colie K-12. J. molec. Biol. 7, 164 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crombrugghe, B. de, Adhya, S.L., Gottesman, M., Pastan, I.: Effect of rho on transcription of bacterial operons. Nature (Lond.) New Biol. 241, 260 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, A., Court, D., Adhya, S.L.: Isolation and characterization of conditional lethal mutants of Escherichia coli defective in transcription termination factor rho. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 73, 1959 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, N.C.: Altered reading of genetic signals fused to the N operon of bacteriophage λ by the protein products of the N gene: Genetic evidence for modification of polymerase. J. molec. Biol. 89, 33 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, E., Saedler, H.: Polarity of amber mutations and suppressed amber mutations in the galactose operon of E. coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 100, 283 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, E., Saedler, H., Starlinger, P.: Strong polar mutations in the transferase gene of the galactose operon in E. coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 100, 296 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, E., Yarmolinsky, M.B., Kalckar, H.M.: Control of inducibility of enzymes of the galactose sequence in Escherichia coli. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 48, 32 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalckar, H.M., Kurahashi, K., Jordan, E.: Hereditary defects in galactose metabolism E. coli mutants. I. Determination of enzyme activities. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 45, 1776 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederman, M., Zubay, G.: DNA-directed peptide synthesis. V. The cell-free synthesis of a polypeptide with β-galactosidase activity. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 32, 710 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lengeler, J.: Untersuchungen zum Glukose-Effekt bei der Synthese der Galaktose-Enzyme von E. coli. Z. Vererbungsl. 98, 203 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Malamy, M.H.: Some properties of insertion mutations in the lac operon. In: The Lactose Operon, eds. J.R. Beckwith, D. Zipser, p. 359. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Malamy, M.H., Fiandt, M., Szybalski, W.: Electron microscopy of polar insertions in the lac operon of Escherichia coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 119, 207 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R.G.: Control of gene expression. Ann. Rev. Genet. 3, 181 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaelis, G., Starlinger, P.: Sequential appearance of the galactose enzymes in E. coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 100, 210 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.H.: Experiments in molecular genetics. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, D.E., Guertin, M.: Amber suA mutations which relieve polarity. J. molec. Biol. 63, 605 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, D., Hirsch, H.J., Bergmann, D., Hamlaoui, M.: Nonrandom distribution of deletion endpoints in the gal operon of E. coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 132, 203 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, D., Kubai-Maroni, D., Habermann, P.: Specific sites for integration of IS-elements within the transferase gene of the galactose operon of E. coli K-12. In: DNA insertions, plasmids and episomes (eds. A. Bukhari, J. Shapiro, S. Adhya). New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, D., Oellermann, R.: Mapping of gal mutants by transducing λdg carrying deletions of the gal region. Molec. gen. Genet. 99, 248 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratner, D.: Evidence that mutations in the suA polarity suppressing gene directly affect termination factor rho. Nature (Lond.) 259, 151 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reif, H.J.: IS1 abhängige Deletionsentstehung in der gal Region von E. coli K-12. Dissertation Universität Köln 1976

  • Reif, H.J., Saedler, H.: IS1 is involved in deletion formation in the gal region of E. coli K-12. Molec. gen. Genet. 137, 17 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reif, H.J., Saedler, H.: Chromosomal rearrangements in the gal region of E. coli K-12 after integration of IS1. In: DNA insertions, plasmids and episomes (eds. A. Bukhari, J. Shapiro, S. Adhya). New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes, O., Gottesman, M., Adhya, S.: Suppression of polarity of insertion mutations in the gal operon and N mutations in bacteriophage λ. J. Bact. 126, 1108 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J.P., Grimley, C., Lowery, C.: Transcription termination factor rho activity is altered in Escherichia coli with suA gene mutations. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 72, 1725 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J.W.: Termination factor for RNA synthesis. Nature (Lond.). 224, 1168 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J.W.: Transcription termination and late control in phage λ. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 72, 3300 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saedler, H., Besemer, J., Kemper, B., Rosenwirth, B., Starlinger, P.: Insertion mutations in the control region of the gal operon of E. coli. I. Biological characterization of the mutations. Molec. gen. Genet. 115, 258 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saedler, H., Gullon, A., Fiethen, L., Starlinger, P.: Negative control of the galactose operon in E. coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 102, 74 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saedler, H., Starlinger, P.: Induction of galactokinase by an Oo-mutant of the galactose operon in Escherichia coli. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 20, 647 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saedler, H., Starlinger, P.: Oo-mutations in the galactose operon of E. coli. I. Genetic characterization. Molec. gen. Genet. 100, 178 (1967a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saedler, H., Starlinger, P.: Oo-mutations in the galactose operon of E. coli II. Physiological characterization. Molec. gen. Genet. 100, 190 (1967b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, G., Ehring, R.: Effect of different conformations of galactose messenger RNA on gene expression and messenger half-life in vitro. Molec. gen. Genet. 136, 41 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J.A., Adhya, S.L.: The galactose operon of E. coli K-12. II. A deletion analysis of operon structure and polarity. Genetics 62, 249 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Starlinger, P., Jordan, E., Saedler, H.: Strong-polar mutations in the galactose operon of E. coli. Molecular genetics, eds. H.G. Wittmann, H. Schuster, p. 204. Berlin: Springer Verlag 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Starlinger, P., Saedler, H., Rak, B., Tillmann, E., Venkov, P., Waltschewa, L.: mRNA distal to polar nonsense and insertion mutations in the gal operon of E. coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 122, 279 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetekam, W., Ehring, R.: A role for the product of gene suA in restoration of polarity in vitro. Molec. gen. Genet. 124, 345 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetekam, W., Staack, K., Ehring, R.: DNA-dependent in vitro synthesis of enzymes of the galactose operon of Escherichia coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 112, 14 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetekam, W., Staack, K., Ehring, R.: Relief of polarity in DNA-dependent cell free synthesis of enzymes of the galactose operon of Escherichia coli. Molec. gen. Genet. 116, 258 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D.B., Hogness, D.S.: Galactokinase and uridine diphosphogalactose 4-epimerase from Escherichia coli. In: E.F. Neufeld and V. Ginsburg (eds.), Methods in enzymology, Vol. 8, p. 229. New York and London: Academic Press 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubay, G., Chambers, D.A.: A DNA directed cell-free system for β-galactosidase synthesis, characterization of the de novo synthesized enzyme and some aspects of the regulation of synthesis. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 34, 753 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Communicated by E. Bautz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Besemer, J., Herpers, M. Suppression of polarity of insertion mutations within the gal operon of E. coli . Molec. Gen. Genet. 151, 295–304 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00268793

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00268793

Keywords

Navigation