References
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), p. 235.
Francis, Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1896), I, 432.
Edward, Forbes, “On the Connection between the Distribution of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, and the Geological Changes Which Have Affected Their Area, Especially during the Epoch of the Northern Drift,” Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and of the Museum of Economic Geology in London, 1 (1846), 336–432.
Wallace, “On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species,” The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd. ser., 16 (1855), 192.
H. Lewis, McKinney, Wallace and Natural Selection (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), pp. 44–46, 97.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), pp. 109–110.
H. Lewis, McKinney, Wallace and Natural Selection (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), pp. 126–128.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), p. 111.
Wallace, “On the Natural History of the Aru Islands,” The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd ser., 20 (1857), 473–485.
Wallace, “On the Aru Islands,” Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. London, 2 (1959), 166.
Wallace, “On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago,” J. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 4 (1860), 172–184.
Wallace, “On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago,” J. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 4 (1860), pp. 173–174.
Ibid., p. 183.
Wallace, “On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago,” J. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 4 (1860), pp. 180–181.
Charles, Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859; facsimile rpt. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 390–391. Darwin also noted (p. 389) that he could not “honestly admit Forbes's view on continental extensions, which, if legitimately followed out, would lead to the belief that within the recent period all existing islands have been nearly or quite joined to some continent.”
Joseph Dalton, Hooker, The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships “Erebus” and “Terror” in the Years 1839–43. II. Flora Novae-Zelandiae. Part I. Flowering Plants (London: Lovell Reeve, 1853), p. xxi. Hooker pointed out that he supported Forbes's general views on land connections and rejected the arguments for accidental transport across the vast stretches of the present southern ocean (p. xx).
Wallace, “Zoological Geography Malay Archipelago,” p. 183.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), pp. 114–115.
See, e.g., Darwin's letters to Lyell and Hooker in F. Darwin, ed., Life and Letters, I, 431–436, 438–440.
Ibid, p. 431.
Wallace, “On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago,” J. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 4 (1860), pp. 181–182.
Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876; rpt. New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1962), I, v.
P. L., Sclater, “On the General Geographical Distribution of the Members of the Class Aves,” J. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 2 (1858), 130–145; Wallace, “Zoological Geography Malay Archipelago,” p. 172.
Wallace, “On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago,” J. Roy. Geog. Soc., 33 (1863), 217–234.
Ibid., p. 227.
George W., Earle, “On the Physical Structure and Arrangement of the Islands of the Indian Archipelago,” J. Roy. Geog. Soc. London, 15 (1845), 358–365.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), p. 114.
Wallace, “On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago,” J. Roy. Geog. Soc., 33 (1863), pp. 226–227.
Charles, Lyell, Principles of Geology, 10th ed. (London: John Murray, 1868), II, 346–353; for Darwin's reaction see Marchant, Wallace, p. 132.
Wallace, “On Some Anomalies in Zoological and Botanical Geography,” Nat. Hist. Rev., 4 (1864), 111–123.
Wallace, “On Some Anomalies in Zoological and Botanical Geography,” Nat. Hist. Rev., 4 (1864), pp. 111–112.
Morse, Peckham, ed., The “Origin of Species” by Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1959), pp. 562–645.
Wallace, “Some Anomalies,” p. 113. Wallace had earlier made the same claim to Sclater; see “Letter from Mr. Wallace on the Geographical Distribution of Brids,” Ibis, 1 (1859), 449–454. Sclater was editor of Ibis.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), p. 109.
Wallace, “On Some Anomalies in Zoological and Botanical Geography,” Nat. Hist. Rev., 4 (1864), pp. 113–115.
Wallace, “On Some Anomalies in Zoological and Botanical Geography,” Nat. Hist. Rev., 4, (1864), pp. 118–119.
See nn. 16, 17, above.
Wallace, “On Some Anomalies in Zoological and Botanical Geography,” Nat. Hist. Rev., 4, (1864), pp. 120–122.
Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876; rpt. New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1962), I, 398–399, 403.
Charles, Lyell, Principles of Geology, 10th ed. (London: John Murray, 1868), II, 335–338.
Wallace, “Some Anomalies,” p. 122.
Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876; rpt. New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1962), I, 35–38.
Darwin had defended Lyell's doctrine as early as the first edition of the Origin (pp. 356–358); but both he and Hooker maintained that it was Wallace who provided the strongest arguments for the theory of the general permanence of the oceans and continents and most effectively demolished the theories of Forbes and the extensionists. See F., Darwin and A. C., Seward, eds., More Letters of Charles Darwin (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1903), II, 28, and L. Huxley, ed. Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1918), II, 224–225.
Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876; rpt. New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1962), I, xv.
Michael T., Ghiselin, The Triumph of the Darwinian Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 38–39.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), pp. 234–235.
J. D. Hooker, “Insular Floras,” The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, Jan. 1867, pp. 6–7, 27, 50–51, 75–76.
Ibid., p. 50.
Huxley, ed., Life and Letters of Hooker, II, 99.
F., Darwin and A. C., Seward, eds., More Letters of Charles Darwin (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1903), I, 486.
F., Darwin and A. C., Seward, eds., More Letters of Charles Darwin (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1903), p. 487.
Hooker, “Insular Floras,” p. 50.
Ibid., p. 75.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), p. 149.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916, p. 150; Darwin and Seward, eds., More Letters, II, 7.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), p. 173.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), p. 174.
Joe D., Burchfield, “Darwin and the Dilemma of Geological Time,” Isis, 65 (1974), 301–321.
Wallace, My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions (London: Chapman & Hall, 1905), II, 100.
Wallace, “Geological Climates and the Origin of Species,” Quart. Rev., 126 (1869), 359–394.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), pp. 198–199.
Wallace, “Geological Climates,” p. 364.
Ibid., p. 371.
Ibid., pp. 372, 379; for Wallace's comment to Darwin see Marchant, Wallace, p. 200.
Wallace, My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions (London: Chapman & Hall, 1905), I, 406.
Wallace, My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions (London: Chapman & Hall, 1905), II, 94.
Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876; rpt. New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1962), I, 8–9, 36–37, 49; II, 163–164.
James, Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1916), pp. 252, 290.
Recent evidence for the theory of continental drift does not affect this discussion of the scientific superiority of Wallace's system of zoogeography to those of contemporary rivals. As Ghiselin notes, Triumph of the Darwinian Method, p. 40, “There may well have been quite different connections between continents in the past, but their existence must be verified in terms of independent evidence, and not invoked merely to explain away difficulties.”
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Fichman, M. Wallace: Zoogeography and the problem of land bridges. J Hist Biol 10, 45–63 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00126094
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00126094