Methodology

Abstract

In constructing an ontological scheme, our first task must be to examine the methodological problem and define the method of inquiry best suited to our undertaking. The choice is basically between two categories of methodological inquiry, both of which can be deduced from the thinker’s standpoint with respect to an ancient metaphysical problem: the issue of universals. The first systematic exponents of this problem were Aristotle and Plato, and on the basis of their teachings the problem of universals has become a permanent feature of metaphysical thought, unresolved to this day. One side believes that universals differ from proper names merely in being attached to members of a class of single things, rather than to just one single thing. (This is the doctrine of the nominalist party). The other side holds that universals exist in their own right and consequently consider their investigation a basic task of scientific and philosophical inquiry. These universal objects (called by Plato “Forms” or “Ideas”) which are designated by universal terms have also been called “essences,” hence this view represents the argument of the essentialist party.