Skip to main content

Thoughts on Two Decades of Drawing Trees

  • Chapter
Treebanks

Part of the book series: Text, Speech and Language Technology ((TLTB,volume 20))

Abstract

The task of producing consistent, comprehensive structural annotations for reallife written and spoken usage teaches lessons that run counter to some of the assumptions of recent linguistics. It is not easy to believe that a natural language is a well-defined system, or that questions about the analysis of particular turs of phrase always have “right answers”. Computational linguistics has been at risk of repeating mistakes made by the general fiels of computing in the 1960s; we need to learn from the discipline of software engineering. On the other hand, annotated corpora of real-life usage are already yielding findings about human nature that were unsuspected before these resources become available.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, D.E. (1976). The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History. Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, B. (1971). Class, Codes and Control, vol 1: Theoretical Studies Towards a Sociology of Language. Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bies, Ann, et al. (1995). Bracketing Guidelines for Treebank II Style. http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~treebank/home.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheshire, Jenny, & J. Milroy (1993). Syntactic variation in non-standard dialects. In J. & Lesley Milroy, eds., Real English: The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, A.N. (1964). Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, A.N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press (Cambridge, Mass)..

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, A.N. (1976). Reflections on Language. Temple Smith.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, Jane (1992). Design principles in the transcription of spoken discourse. In Svartvik 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromkin, Victoria, & R. Rodman (1983). An Introduction to Language (3rd. ed).. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghezzi, C., et al. (1991). Fundamentals of Software Engineering. Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J.J. (1971). The Underlying Reality of Language and Its Philosophical Import. Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct: The New Science of Language and Mind. William Morrow (New York). My page references are to the Penguin ed., 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, Anna, & G.R. Sampson (1999). Extending grammar annotation standards to spontaneous speech. In J. Kirk, ed., Corpora Galore. Rodopi (Amsterdam).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, G.R. (1987a). Probabilistic models of analysis. In R.G. Garside et al., eds., The Computational Analysis of English: A Corpus-Based Approach. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, G.R. (1987b). Evidence against the ‘grammatical/ungrammatical’ distinction. In W. Meijs, ed., Corpus Linguistics and Beyond, Rodopi (Amsterdam). Reprinted in Sampson 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, G.R. (1992). Probabilistic parsing. In Svartvik 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, G.R. (1995). English for the Computer: The SUSANNE Corpus and Analytic Scheme. Clarendon Press (Oxford).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, G.R. (1997a). Educating Eve. Cassell. Revised paperback ed., Cas-sell, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, G.R. (1997b). Depth in English grammar. Journal of Linguistics 33.131–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, G.R. (2001). Empirical Linguistics. Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommerville, I. (1992). Software Engineering (4th ed).. Addison-Wesley (Wokingham, Berks)..

    Google Scholar 

  • Svartvik, J., ed. (1992). Directions in Corpus Linguistics: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82. Mouton de Gruyter (Berlin).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yngve, V. (1960). A model and an hypothesis for language structure. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104.444–66.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sampson, G. (2003). Thoughts on Two Decades of Drawing Trees. In: Abeillé, A. (eds) Treebanks. Text, Speech and Language Technology, vol 20. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0201-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0201-1_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1335-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0201-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics