Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental Concerns for the Future of Gulf Coral Reefs

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Coral Reefs of the Gulf

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 3))

Abstract

The Gulf is located in a subtropical, hyper-arid region. It is shallow, and bordered by several wealthy states (Fig. 16.1) undergoing rapid economic growth involving substantial construction along shores and offshore regions, underpinned by its oil and gas industry, and by wealth derived from financial centres. Thriving economic activity has, over the past few decades, begun to exert significant pressure on the Gulf’s marine environment. It is changing rapidly, by developments which include construction, substantial coastline alterations, habitat loss, creation of beds of shifting or suspended sediments, and temperature and salinity changes in restricted water flows along the coast, as well as by climate warming. The Gulf suffers from a “shifting baseline syndrome” (Pauly 1995; Sheppard 1995) and it is difficult to find any meaningful baselines, not only because of ongoing, intensive constructions that cause large-scale alterations of the environment, but also because of several recent episodes of marine mortality from seawater warming.

An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3008-3_17

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmad F, Sultan SAR (1991) Annual mean surface heat fluxes in the Arabian Gulf and the net heat transport through the Strait of Hormuz. Atmos Ocean 29:54–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akmansoy S (1996) Southeastern Anatolian Project. Center for Research in Water Resources. Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Aarajy MJ (2001) Some observations on an accidental fish mortality in the north west Arabian Gulf. Mar Mesop 16:431–439, Special Issue

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ansi MA, Abdel-Moati MAR, Al-Ansari IS (2002) Causes of fish mortality along the Qatari Waters Arabian Gulf. Int J Environ Stud 59:59–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ghadban AN, Price ARG (2002) Dredging and infilling. In: Khan NY, Munwar M, Price ARG (eds) The gulf ecosystem, health and sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden, Netherlands pp 207–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ghadban AN, Jacob PG, Abdali F (1994) Total organic carbon in the sediments of the Arabian Gulf and need for biological productivity investigations. Mar Pollut Bull 28:356–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Jamali F, Bishop JM, Osment J, Jones DA, LeVay L (2005) A review of the impacts of aquaculture and artificial waterways upon coastal ecosystems in the Gulf Arabian/Persian including a case study demonstrating how future management may resolve these impacts. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 81:81–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khayat JA, Jones DA (1996) Two new genera, Manningus and Leptochryseus Decapoda: Campandriinae, and descriptions of first Zoea of six brachyurans from the Arabian Gulf. J Crust Biol Soc 16:797–813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alkuzai J, Sheppard CRC, Abdulqadar EAA, Al Khuzai SA, Loughland RA (2009) Subtidal habitats. In: Loughland RA, Zainal AJM (eds) Marine atlas of Bahrain. GEOMATEC, Bahrain, pp 113–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison EH, Perry AL, Adger WN, Badjeck M-C, Brown K, Conway D, Halls A, Pilling GM, Reynolds JD, Dulvy NK (2009) Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries. Fish Fish 10:173–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mutaz IS (1991) Operation of dual purpose MSF plants at waterpower peak demand. In: Proceedings 12th international symposium on desalination and water re-use. Evaporative processes operations, electrolysis, material selection and corrosion, Malta, vol 84, p 105

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Muzaini S, Hamoda MF (eds) (1998) Proceedings of the third Middle-East conference on marine pollution and effluent management. Kuwait, 305pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Muzaini S, Samhanand O, Hamoda MF (1991) Sewage related impact on Kuwait’s marine environment - a case study. Water Sci Technol 23:203–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Muzaini S, Beg MU, Moghissi AA (eds) (1998) The long-term environmental effects of the Gulf War. Environ Int 24:1–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Thukair AA, Abed RMM, Mohamed L (2007) Microbial community of cyanobacteria mats in the intertidal zone of oil-polluted coast of Saudi Arabia. Mar Pollut Bull 54:173–179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yamani FY (2008) Impact of freshwater influx into the Gulf, Part III: Effects of marine pollution on ecosystems and biota. In: Barth H, Krupp F, Abuzinada A (eds) Protecting the Gulf’s marine ecosystems from pollution. Springer, Dordrecht, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yamani FY, Al-Ghunaim D, Subba Rao DV, Khan N, Al-Ghool M, Muruppel M, Al-Qatma S, Luis M (2000) Fish kills, red tides, and Kuwait’s marine environment. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yamani F, Bishop J, Al-Husaini M, Al-Ghadban AN, Behbehani M, Rao S, Khan N, Salman M, Abdel Jawad M, Al-Attar M, Al-Rifaie K, Al-Ghunaim A, Ismail W, Lennox A, Al-Tabtibaie M (2001) A strategic plan for sustainable utilization of Kuwait’s marine environment. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, Kuwait, 40pp. ISBN 99906-30-00-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yamani F, Bishop J, Al-Husaini M, Al-Ghadban AN, Behbehani M, Rao S, Khan N, Salman M, Abdel Jawad M, Al-Attar M, Al-Rifaie K, Al-Ghunaim A, Ismail W, Lennox A, Al-Tabtibaie M (2004) A strategic plan for sustainable utilization of Kuwait’s marine environment. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, Kuwait, 47pp. ISBN 99906-30-24-0 (in Arabic)

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yamani F, Polikarpov I, Saburova MA (2008a) Spatial distribution of phytoplankton in the ROPME sea area during winter 2005–2006. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Final Report KISR 9450

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yamani F, Polikarpov I, Skryabin V, Bishop J, Al-Rifaie K, Al-Mansouri H, Al-Enezi M, Lennox A, Al-Kandari M, Behbehani M, Al-Ghunaim A, Ismail W (2008b) Assessment of the effects of the Shatt Al-Arab’s altered discharge regimes on the ecology of the Northern Arabian Gulf – Phase II. KISR Final Report 9061

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yamani F, Boltachova N, Revkov N, Makarov M, Grintsov V, Kolesnikova E, Murina V (in press) Winter species composition, diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos in Kuwait’s waters, Arabian Gulf. ZooKeys (online journal)

    Google Scholar 

  • Balmford A, Bruner A, Cooper P, Costanza R, Farber S, Green FE, Jenkins M, Jefferies P, Jessainy V, Madden J, Munro K, Myers N, Naeem S, Paavda J, Raymont M, Rosendo S, Roughgarden J, Trumper K, Turner RK (2002) Economic reasons for conserving nature. Science 297:950–953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basson PW, Burchard JE, Hardy JT, Price ARG (1977) Biotopes of the Western Arabian Gulf: marine life and environments of Saudi Arabia. ARAMCO, Dhahran

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont NJ, Austen MC, Mangi SC, Townsend M (2008) Economic valuation for the conservation of marine biodiversity. Mar Pollut Bull 56:386–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrenfeld MJ, O’Malley RT, Siegel DA, McClain CR, Sarmiento JL, Feldman GC, Milligan AJ, Falkowski PG, Letelier RM, Boss ES (2006) Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 444:752–755

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benzoni F, Pichon M, Alhazeem S, Galli P (2006) The coral reefs of the Northern Arabian Gulf: stability over time in extreme environmental conditions? In: Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, pp 969–975

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop JM (2002) Fishing and mariculture. In: Khan NY, Munwar M, Price ARG (eds) The Gulf ecosystem, health and sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden, pp 253–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop JM, Khan MH (1991) Depth as a factor in abundance and size of juvenile penaeid shrimps in the absence of estuaries and marshes. Mar Biol 109:103–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun M (1994) The mega project of Mesopotamia. Ceres 26:25–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchard JE (1979) Coral fauna of the Western Arabian Gulf. Arabian American Oil Co., Dhahran, 128pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt JA, Bartholomew A, Bauman A, Sale P (2009) Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on common materials used in the construction of artificial reefs. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 373:72–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2003) Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425:365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Çarkoğlu A, Eder M (2001) Domestic concerns and the water conflict over Euphrates-Tigris River Basin. Middle East Stud 37:41–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter KE, Harrison PL, Hodgson G, Alsaffar AH, Alhazeen SH (1997a) The corals and coral reef fishes of Kuwait. Fahad Al-Marzouk Printing and Publishing Establishment, Safat

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter KE, Harrison PL, Hodgson G, Alsaffar AH, Alhazeem H (1997b) The corals and coral reefs of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research and Environment Public Authority, Kuwait, 166pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Claereboudt MR (2006) Coral reefs and reef corals of the Gulf of Oman. Al-Roya Publishing, Muscat, 344pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke C, Hayes T, Hilliard R, Kayvanrad N, Parhizi A,Taymourtash H, Yavari V, Raaymakers V (2003) Ballast water risk assessment: port of Khark Island Islamic Republic of Iran. Final report. Globallast monograph series No.8. Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Programme and International Maritime Organization, London, 113pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Coles SL (2003) Coral species diversity and environmental factors in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman: a comparison to the Indo-Pacific region. Atoll Res Bull 507:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coles SL, Fadlallah YH (1991) Reef coral survival and mortality at low temperatures in the Arabian Gulf: new species-specific lower temperature limits. Coral Reefs 9:231–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costanza R, d’Arge R, deGroot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limberg K, Noeem S, O’ Neill R, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, Van den Belt M (1997) The value of the worlds ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CSO (1979–2007) Fishery statistics, Central Statistical Office. Ministry of Planning, State of Kuwait

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumhuriyet (1999) Turkish newspaper p. 4. http://www.Cumhuriyet.com.tr

  • Cushing DH (1982) Climate and fisheries. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwish MA, Alotaibi S, Alfahad S (2008) On the reduction of desalting energy and its cost in Kuwait. Desalination 220:483–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Young C (ed) (2006) Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean, vol 488, FAO Fisheries Tech. FAO, Rome, 458pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Delucci MA, Murphy JJ (2008) U.S. military expenditures to protect the use of Persian Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles. Energy Policy 36:2253–2264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing N (1985) Coral reef communities in an extreme environment: the northwest Arabian Gulf. In: Proceedings of 5th international coral reef symposium, Tahiti, vol 6, pp 343–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing N (1992) Kuwaits’ coral reefs: what future after the Gulf War? In: Proceedings of 7th international coral reef symposium, Guam, vol 2, pp 959–968

    Google Scholar 

  • EAD (2008) Marine and coastal environments of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards M, Richardson AJ (2004) Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch. Nature 430:881–884

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emara HI, El-Samra MI, El-Debb KZ, Ahmed IF (1985) A preliminary study of the chemical characteristics of the coral reef areas in the Qatari waters (Gulf area). In: Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, vol 6,pp 13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Emirates Heritage Club (2004) Marine atlas of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 277 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdelen WR (2007) Foreword. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 103:255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans MI (ed) (1994) Important bird areas in the Middle East. BirdLife International, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadlallah YH, Eakin CM, Allen KW, Estudillo RA, Rahim SA, Reaka-Kudla M, Earle SA (1993) Reef coral distribution and reproduction, community structure and reef health (Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait). Results of Mt Mitchel cruise, May 1992. Final report of the scientific workshop on results of the RV Mt Mitchell cruise in ROPME Sea Area, Kuwait 1993. Annex III, pp 1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadlallah Y, Allen KW, Estudillo RA (1995) Mortality of shallow reef corals in the western Arabian Gulf following aerial exposure in winter. Coral Reefs 4:99–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1981) Demersal resources of the Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Regional Fishery Survey and Development Project. Report No. FI:DP/RAB/71/278/10

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1997) Food and agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Irrigation in the near east region in figures. Iraq http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4356E/w4356e0e.htm#Iraq

  • Fatemi SMR, Shokri MR (2001) Iranian coral reefs with particular reference to Kish Island, Persian Gulf. ICRI Initiative, Indian Ocean regional workshop, Mozambique, Nov 2001, pp 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Fayad NM, Overton E (1995) A unique biodegradation pattern of the oil spilled during the 1991 Gulf War. Mar Pollut Bull 30:239–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feeley RA, Sabine CL, Lee K, Berelson W, Kleypas J, Fabry VJ, Millero FJ (2004) Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science 305:362–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filipsson HL, Bjork G, Harland R, McQuoid MR, Nordberg K (2005) A major change in the phytoplankton of a Swedish sill fjord- a consequence of engineering work? Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 63:551–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foden J, Rogers SI, Jones AP (2008) A critical review of approaches to aquatic environmental assessment. Mar Pollut Bull 56:1825–1833

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman DM, Angin Z (1999) Local irrigation organization in Turkey’s Southeast Anatolia Project GAP: a proposal. Water Int 24:95–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George D (2006) Marine invertebrates. In: Hellyer P, Aspinall S (eds) The Emirates: a Natural History. Trident Press/Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, pp 197–221, 356–382

    Google Scholar 

  • George D, John D (1999) High sea temperatures along the coast of Abu Dhabi (UAE) Arabian Gulf–their impact upon corals and macroalgae. Reef Encount 25:21–23

    Google Scholar 

  • George D, John D (2006) The marine environment. In: Hellyer P, Aspinall S (eds) The Emirates: a natural history. Trident Press/Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, pp 111–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghavam Mostafavi P, Fatemi SMR, Shahhosseiny MH, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Loh W (2007) Predominance of clade D Symbiodinium in shallow-water reef-building corals off Kish and Larak Islands Persian Gulf, Iran. Mar Biol 153:25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glibert PM, Landsberg JH, Evans JJ, Al-Sarawi MA, Faraj M, Al-Jarallah MA, Haywood A, Ibrahem S, Klesius P, Powell C, Shoemaker C (2002) A fish kill of massive proportion in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Gulf 2001: the roles of bacterial disease, harmful algae and eutrophication. Harmful Algae 1:215–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham NAJ, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Bijoux JP, Robinson J (2006) Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:8425–8429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham NAJ, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Robinson J, Bijoux JP, Daw TM (2007) Lag effects in the impacts of mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conserv Biol 21:1291–1300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz GE (1999) Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Ann Rev Entomol 44:51–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruen GE (2000) Turkish waters: source of regional conflict or catalyst for peace? Water Air Soil Pollut 123:565–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harger JRE (1984) Rapid survey techniques to determine distribution and structure of coral communities. In comparing coral reef survey methods. Report of a regional Unesco/UNEP workshop, Phuket Marine Biological Center, Thailand, UNESCO, Paris, pp 83–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington FA (1976) Iran: surveys of the southern Iranian coastline with recommendations for additional marine reserves. In: Promotion of the establishment of marine parks and reserves in the northern Indian Ocean including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. IUCN Publications, New series, No. 35, 5075, Morges, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvell CD, Mitchell CE, Ward JR, Altizer S, Dobson AP, Ostfeld RS, Samuel MD (2002) Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296:2158–2162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashim A, Hajjaj M (2005) Impact of desalination plants fluid effluents on the integrity of seawater, with the Arabian Gulf in perspective. Desalination 182:373–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heding SG (1940) The holothurians of the Iranian Gulf. In: Jessen K, Sparck R (eds) Danish scientific investigations in Iran, Part II. Einar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp 113–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Heil CA, Glibert PM, Al-Sarawi MA, Faraj M, Behbehani M, Husain M (2001) First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 214:15–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellyer P, Aspinall S (2006) The Emirates: a natural history. Trident Press/Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, 427pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson G, Carpenter C (1995) Scleractinian corals of Kuwait. Pac Sci 49:227–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Gulburg O (1999) Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Mar Freshw Res 50:839–866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Gulberg O (2005) Climate change and marine ecosystems. In: Lovejoy TE, Hannah L (eds) Climate change and biodiversity. Yale University Press, London, pp 256–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Houde ED, Almatar S, Leak JC, Dowd CE (1986) Ichthyoplankton abundance and diversity in the western Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Bull Mar Sci 8:107–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes TP, Baird AH, Bellwood DR, Card M, Connolly SR, Folke C, Grosberg R, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Jackson JBC, Kleypas J, Lough JM, Marshall P, Nystrom M, Palumbi SR, Pandolfi JM, Rosen B, Roughgarden J (2003) Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 301:929–933

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humborg C, Ittekkot V, Cociasu A, Bodungen BV (1997) Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. Nature 386:385–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter JR (1986) The physical oceanography of the Arabian Gulf: a review and theoretical interpretation of previous observations. In: Halwagy R et al (eds) Marine environment and pollution. Proceedings 1st Arabian Gulf conference on environmental pollution. Kuwait University, Kuwait, pp 1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Izsak C, Price ARG (2001) Measuring ß-diversity using a taxonomic similarity index, and its relation to spatial scale. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 215:69–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izsak C, Price ARG, Hardy JT, Basson PW (2002) Biodiversity of periphyton diatoms and echinoderms around a refinery effluent, and possible associations with stability. Aquat Ecosys Health Manag 5:233–242, Special Issue: Resilience and Integrity of Aquatic Systems

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jafar QA, Al-Zinki S, Al-Mouqati S, Al-Amad S, Al-Marzouk A, Al-Sharifi F (2009) Molecular investigation of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from environmental samples and fish specimens during a massive fish kill in Kuwait Bay. Afr J Microbiol Res 31:22–26

    Google Scholar 

  • James DB, Pearse JS (1969) Echinoderms from the Gulf of Suez and the northern Red Sea. J Mar Biol Assoc India 11:78–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Jen E (ed) (2005) Robust design: a repertoire of biological, ecological, and engineering case studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings S, Mélin F, Blanchard JL, Forster RM, Dulvy NK, Wilson RW (2008) Global-scale predictions of community and ecosystem properties from simple ecological theory. P R Soc Lond B 275:1375–1383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • John D, George D (2003) Coral death and seasonal seawater temperature regime: their influence on the marine algae of Abu Dhabi (UAE) in the Arabian Gulf. In: Proceedings of the 17th international seaweed symposium, Cape Town, pp 341–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Johns WE, Yao F, Olson DB, Josey SA, Grist JP, Smeed DA (2003) Observations of seasonal exchange through the Straits of Hormuz and the inferred freshwater budgets of the Persian Gulf. J Geophys Res 108:3391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DA, Plaza J, Watt I, Al Sanei M (1998) Long-term 1991–1995 monitoring of the intertidal biota of Saudi Arabia after the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull 36:472–489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DA, Price ARG, Al-Yamani F, Al-Zaidan A (2002) Coastal and marine ecology. In: Khan MY, Munawar M, Price ARG (eds) The Gulf ecosystem health and sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden, Netherlands, pp 65–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones CK, Sultan M, Yan E, Al-Dousari A, Al-Kaisy S, Becker R, Milewski A (2006) An integrated approach RS,GIS,/& modeling for the assessment of the disintegration and renovation of the Mesopotamian marshlands. AGU Joint Assembly, Baltimore USA 23–26 May 2006. American Geophysical Union

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones DA, Ealey T, Baca B, Livesey S, Al-Jamali F (2007) Gulf desert developments encompassing a marine environment, a compensatory solution to the loss of coastal habitats by infill and reclamation: the case of the Pearl City Al-Khiran, Kuwait. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 10:268–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan NY (2007) Multiple stressors and ecosystem-based management in the Gulf. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 103:259–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan NY, Munawar M, Price ARG (2002) Environmental trends and integrated management of the Gulf. In: Khan NY, Munwar M, Price ARG (eds) The Gulf ecosystem, health and sustainability. The Gulf Ecosystem, Leiden, Netherlands, pp 483–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsman DJJ (1964) Reef coral tolerance of high temperatures and salinities. Nature 202:1280–1282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby MF, Law RJ (2008) Oil spill treatment products approval: the UK approach and potential application to the Gulf region. Mar Pollut Bull 56:1243–1247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleypas JA, McManus JW, Meñez LAB (1999) Environmental limits to coral reef development; where do we draw the line? Am Zool 39:146–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupp F (ed) (2008) Transboundary diagnostic analysis. Final report phase 1. UNESCO, ROPME and Senkenenberg Research Institute, 122pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupp F, Abuzinada FH, Nader IA (1996) A marine wildlife sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf: environmental research and conservation following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft and National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Frankfurt/Riyadh, 511pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupp F, Almarri M, Zajonz U, Carpenter K, Almatar S, Zetsche H (2000) Twelve new records of fishes from the Gulf. Fauna Arab 18:323–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupp F, Al-Muftah A, Jones DA, Hoolihan J (2006) Marine and coastal ecosystem management requirements in the Arabian Peninsula with special regard to water resources. In: Policy perspectives for ecosystem and water management in the Arabian Peninsula. UNESCO/United Nations University, Doha/Hamilton, pp 73–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Lattemann S, Höpner T (2008) Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination. Desalination 220:1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler A (2005) Reviving Iraq’s wetlands. Science 307:1186–1189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linden O, Husain T (2002) Impact of wars; the Gulf War 1990-91. In: Khan MY, Munawar M, Price ARG (eds) The Gulf ecosystem health and sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden, Netherlands pp 279–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden O, Larsson U, Al-Alawi ZS (1988) Effects of oil pollution in a shallow sub-tropical marine environment. Oil Chem Pollut 5:65–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Literathy P (1993) Considerations for the assessment of environmental consequences of the 1991 Gulf War. Mar Pollut Bull 27:349–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Literathy P, Khan NY, Linden O (2002) Oil and petroleum industry. In: Khan MY, Munawar M, Price ARG (eds) The Gulf ecosystem health and sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden, Netherlands, pp 127–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Loughland R, Abdulkader (in press a) Atlas of the Saudi Arabia Gulf. MCEP, Aramco publication, Dhahran

    Google Scholar 

  • Loughland R., Abdulkader (in press b) The Western Arabian Gulf ecosystems: a reference for researchers, planners and managers. MCEP. Aramco publication, Dhahran

    Google Scholar 

  • Loughland R, Zainal AJM (eds) (2009) Marine atlas of Bahrain. GEOMATEC, Bahrain, 369pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Maybeck M (1990) Global analysis of river systems: from earth system controls to anthropocene syndromes. Philos Trans R Soc B 358:1935–1955

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCain JC (1984) Marine ecology of Saudi Arabia. The intertidal fauna of sand beaches of the northern area, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia 6:53–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehl GA, Stocker TF, Collins WD, Friedlingstein P, Gaye AT, Gregory JM, Kitoh A, Knutti R, Murphy JM, Noda A, Raper SCB, Watterson IG, Weaver AJ, Zhao Z-C (2007) Global climate projections. In: Solomon S et al (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • MEPA/IUCN (1987) Saudi Arabia: an assessment of biotopes and management requirements for the Arabian Gulf. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland

    Google Scholar 

  • Milly PCD, Dunne KA, Vecchia AV (2005) Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate. Nature 438:347–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan GR (1989) Separating environmental and fisheries effects in the recruitment of Gulf shrimp. Kuwait Bull Mar Sci 10:51–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen T (1940) Echinoderms of the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea. In: Jessen K, Sparck R (eds) Danish scientific investigations in Iran, Part II. Einar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp 55–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Munawar M, Price ARG, Munwar IF, Carou S, Niblock H, Lorimer J (2002) Aquatic ecosystem health of the Arabian Gulf: status and research needs. In: Khan NY, Munwar M, Price ARG (eds) The Gulf ecosystem, health and sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden, pp 303–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon S (2003) Replacing the Nile: are anthropogenic nutrients providing the fertility once brought to the Mediterranean by a Great river? AMBIO 32:30–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Otsuki A, Abduleraheem MY, Reynolds RM (eds) (1998) Offshore environment of the ROPME sea area after the war-related oil spill: results of the 1992–84 Umitka-Maru cruises. Terra Scientific Publishing Company, Tokyo, 321pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens EH, Taylor E, Humphrey B (2008) The persistence and character of stranded oil on coarse-sediment beaches. Mar Pollut Bull 56:14–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozdogan M (2005) The effect of irrigation on the regional hydro-climatology of southeastern Turkey. Diss Abs Int Pt B Sci Eng 65:3920

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastorok RA, Bilyard GR (1985) Effects of sewage pollution on coral-reef communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 21:175–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauly D (1995) Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome. Trends Ecol Environ 10:430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry CT, Spencer T, Kench PS (2008) Carbonate budgets and reef production states: a geomorphic perspective on the ecological phase-shift concept. Coral Reefs 27:853–866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilcher NJ, Wilson S, Alhazeem SH, Shokri MR (2000) Status of coral reefs in the Arabian/Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea region. In: Wilkinson CR (ed) Status of coral reefs of the world: 2000. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, pp 55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimm SL et al (2001) Can we defy nature’s end? Science 293:2207–2208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG (1981) Studies on the echinoderm fauna of the western Arabian Gulf. J Nat Hist 15:1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG (1982) Echinoderms of Saudi Arabia. Comparison between echinoderm faunas of Arabian Gulf, SE Arabia, Red Sea and Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez. Fauna Saudi Arabia 4:3–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG (1993) The Gulf: impacts and management initiatives. Mar Pollut Bull 27:17–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG (1998) Impact of the 1991 Gulf War on the coastal environment and ecosystems: current status and future prospects. Environ Int 24:91–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG (2002) Simultaneous ‘hotspots’ and ‘coldspots’ of marine biodiversity and implications for global conservation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 24:23–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG, Izsak C (2005) Is the Arabian Gulf really such a lowspot of biodiversity?: scaling effects and management implications. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 84:363–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG, Rezai H (1996) New echinoderm records for the Gulf including Crown-of Thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus) and their biogeographical significance. Fauna Saudi Arabia 15:386–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG, Robinson JH (eds) (1993) The 1991 Gulf War: coastal and marine environmental consequences. Mar Pollut Bull 27:1–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG, Jones DA, Krupp F (2002) Biodiversity. In: Khan MY, Munawar M, Price ARG (eds) The Gulf ecosystem health and sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden, pp 105–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG, Vincent LPA, Venkatachalam AJ, Bolton JJ, Basson PW (2006) Concordance between different measures of biodiversity in Indian Ocean macroalgae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 319:85–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purkis SJ, Riegl B (2005) Spatial and temporal dynamics of Arabian Gulf coral assemblages quantified from remote-sensing and in situ monitoring data. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 287:99–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purkis SJ, Riegl B, Andréfouët S (2005) Remote sensing of geomorphology and facies patterns on a modern carbonate ramp (Arabian Gulf, Dubai, U.A.E.). J Sediment Res 75:861–876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purnama A, Al-Barwani HH, Smith R (2005) Calculating the environmental cost of seawater desalination in the Arabian marginal seas. Desalination 185:79–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qatar Ministry of Environment (in press) Sensitivity mapping of the Western Coast of Qatar - Phase 2, 168 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Readman JW, Fowler SW, Villeneuve J-P, Cattini C, Oregioni B, Mee LD (1992) Oil and combustion-product contamination of the Gulf marine environment following the war. Nature 358:662–664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Readman JW, Bartocci J, Tolosa I, Fowler SW, Oregioni B, Abdulraheem MY (1996a) Recovery of the coastal marine environment in the Gulf following the 1991 war-related oil spills. Mar Pollut Bull 32:493–498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Readman JW, Tolosa I, Lawg AT, Bartocci J, Azemard S, Hamilton T, Mee LD, Wagenerg A, Le Tissier M, Roberts C, Downing N, Price ARG (1996b) Discrete bands of petroleum hydrocarbons and molecular organic markers identified within massive coral skeletons. Mar Pollut Bull 32:437–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds RM (1993) Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Straits of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman: results from the Mt.Mitchell Expedition. Mar Pollut Bull 27:35–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rezai H (1995) Observation of some corals in shallow waters off several remote Iranian islands in the Persian Gulf. Abzeean 7:4–11 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rezai H, Wilson S, Claereboudt M, Riegl B (2004) Coral reef status in ROPME Sea area. In: Wilkinson CR (ed) Status of coral reefs of the world. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, pp 155–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson CJ, Reiss P, Hussain NA, Alwash AJ, Pool DJ (2005) The restoration potential of the Mesopotamian marshes of Iraq. Science 307:1307–1311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riegl B (1999) Coral communities in a non-reef setting in the southern Arabian Gulf (Dubai, UAE): fauna and community structure in response to recurrent mass mortality. Coral Reefs 18:63–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riegl B (2002) Effects of the 1996 and 1998 positive sea-surface temperature anomalies on corals, coral diseases and fish in the Arabian Gulf Dubai, UAE. Mar Biol 140:29–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riegl B (2003) Climate change and coral reefs: different effects in two high-latitude areas Arabian Gulf, South Africa. Coral Reefs 22:433–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riegl B, Purkis SJ (2009) Model of coral population response to accelerated bleaching and mass mortality in a changing climate. Ecol Model 220:192–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riegl B, Korrubel JL, Martin C (2001) Mapping and monitoring of coral communities and their spatial patterns using a surface-based video method from a vessel. Bull Mar Sci 69:869–880

    Google Scholar 

  • Rindorf A, Lewy P (2006) Warm, windy winters drive cod north and homing of spawners keeps them there. J Appl Ecol 43:445–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ROPME (Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment) (1999) Regional report of the state of the marine environment. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, State of Kuwait, Mar1999

    Google Scholar 

  • Saad MAH (1985) Distribution of nutrients in Shatt-Al-Arab Estuary. Bull Inst Oceanogr Fish, Cairo 11:27–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadiq M, McCain JC (eds) (1993) The Gulf War aftermath: an environmental tragedy environment and assessment. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston, USA, 320pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenger P (1993) Management of Mangroves in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ministry for Agriculture and Water, Riyadh

    Google Scholar 

  • Samimi-Namin K, van Ofwegen LP (2009a) Some shallow water octocorals Coelenterata: Anthozoa of the Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 2058:1–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Samimi-Namin K, van Ofwegen LP (2009b) The second observation of a live Trimuricea species Octocorallia: Plexauridae. Coral Reefs 282:517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samimi-Namin K, Rezai H, Kabiri K, Zohari Z (2009) Unique coral community in the Persian Gulf. Coral Reefs 281:27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarmiento JL, Slater R, Barber R, Bopp L, Doney SC, Hirst AC, Kleypas J, Matear R, Mikolajewicz U, Monfray P, Soldatov V, Spall SA, Stouffer R (2004) Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming. Global Biogeochem Cycles 18:1–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders JE, Zahedb KM, Paterson DM (2007) The impact of organic pollution on the macrobenthic fauna of Dubai Creek (UAE). Mar Pollut Bull 54:1715–1723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SCENR (2007) Supreme Council for Environment and Natural Reserves of Qatar 2007. Sensitivity Mapping of the Eastern Coast of Qatar – Phase 1, 190pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiedek D, Sundelin B, Readman JWR, MacDonald RW (2007) Interactions between climate change and contaminants. Mar Pollut Bull 54:1845–1856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuiling RD, Badescu V, Cathcart RB, van Overveld PAC (2005) The Hormuz Strait Dam Macroproject— 21st Century Electricity Development Infrastructure Node EDIN? Mar Geosources Geotechnology 23:25–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuiling RD, Badescu V, Cathcart RB, Seoud J, Hanekamp JC (2007) Power from closing the Red Sea: economic and ecological costs and benefits following the isolation of the Red Sea. Int J Global Environ Issues 7:341–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seibold E (1973) Biogenic sedimentation of the Persian Gulf. In: Zeitschel B (ed) The biology of the Indian Ocean. Springer, New York, pp 103–114

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shallard B and Associates (2003a) Distribution and abundance of demersal fish stocks in the UAE. Technical report 1. Fish Resource Assessment Survey Project of Abu Dhabi and UAE Waters. Bruce Shallard and Associates and Government of Abu Dhabi, 211 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Shallard B and Associates (2003b) Distribution and abundance of small pelagic resources in UAE waters. Technical report 2. Fish Resource Assessment Survey Project of Abu Dhabi and UAE Waters. Bruce Shallard and Associates and Government of Abu Dhabi, 101 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC (1988) Similar trends different causes: responses of corals to stressed environments in Arabian seas. In: Proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium, Townsville, vol 3, pp 297–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC (1995) The shifting baseline syndrome. Mar Pollut Bull 30:766–767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC (1998) Biodiversity patterns in Indian Ocean corals, and effects of taxonomic error in data. Biodivers Conserv 7:847–868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC (2003) Predicted recurrences of mass coral mortality in the Indian Ocean. Nature 425:294–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC, Loughland R (2002) Coral mortality and recovery in response to increasing temperature in the southern Arabian Gulf. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 5:395–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC, Sheppard ALS (1991) Corals and coral communities of Arabia. In: Fauna of Saudi Arabia, vol 12. Natural History Museum, Basel, 170pp, 310 plates

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC, Wells SM (1988) Coral Reefs of the World, Vol 2, Indian Ocean, Red Sea and Gulf. UNEP Regional Seas Directories and Bibliographies. IUCN/UNEP, Gland/Nairobi. 389pp, 36 maps

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC, Price A, Roberts C (1992) Marine ecology of the Arabian region: patterns and processes in extreme tropical environments. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC, Wilson SC, Salm RV, Dixon D (2000) Reefs and coral communities of the Arabian Gulf and Arabian Sea. In: McClanahan TR, Sheppard CRC, Obura DO (eds) Coral reefs of the Indian Ocean: their ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard C, Al-Husiani M, Al-Jamali F, Al-Yamani F, Baldwin R, Bishop J, Benzoni F, Dutrieux E, Nicholas KD, Durvasula SRV, Jones DA, Loughland R, Medio D, Nithyanandan M, Pillingm GM, Polikarpov I, Price ARG, Purkis S, Riegl Bd, Saburova M, Samimi-Namin K, Taylor O, Wilson S, Zainal K (2010) The Gulf: a young sea in decline. Mar Pollut Bull 60:13–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinn EA (1969) Submarine lithification of Holocene carbonate sediments in the Persian Gulf. Sedimentology 12:109–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinn EA (1976) Coral reef recovery in Florida and the Persian Gulf. Environ Geol 1:241–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shokri MR, Fatemi SMR, Zarei E, Hoseinzadeh SH (2000) A survey on coral reefs of Farur Island, Northeast of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Oceanography 6–7:15–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalding MD, Ravilious C, Green EP (2001) World atlas of coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC University of California Press, Berkeley, USA, 424pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiasny G (1940) Gorgonides et alcyonides des collections du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Première partie). Arch Mus Natl Hist Nat Paris (6) 16:109–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Subba Rao DV, Al-Yamani F (1998) Phytoplankton ecology in the waters between Shatt-Al-Arab and Straits of Hormuz - the Arabian Gulf. Plankton Biol Ecol 45:101–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Subba Rao DV, Al-Yamani F (2000) The Arabian Gulf (Chapter 53). In: Sheppard CRC (ed) Seas at the millenium: an environmental evaluation. Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, Netherlands, pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Suikkanen S, Laamanen M, Huttunen M (2007) Long-term changes in summer phytoplankton communities of the open northern Baltic Sea. Estuar Coastal Shelf Sci 71:580–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talling JF (1980) Water characteristics. In: Rzoska J (ed) Euphrates and Tigris: Mesopotamian ecology and destiny, vol 38, Monogr Biol. The Hague/W. Junk, Boston/Hingham, pp 63–86

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tawfiq NI, Olsen DA (1993) Saudi Arabia’s response to the 1991 Gulf oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull 27:333–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson JA, Simpson JJ (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean; with a report on the species of Dendronephthya by W.D. Henderson. II. The alcyonarians of the littoral area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, pp i–xviii + 1–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomanbay M (2000) Water balances in the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Brooks DB, Mehmet O (eds) Turkey’s water potential and the Southeast Anatolia Project. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, pp 1–14 (Ch. 6), 160pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Tortonese E (1979) Echinoderms collected along the eastern shore of the Red Sea (Saudi Arabia). Atti Soc Ital Sci Nat 120(3–4):314–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the world, vol 3. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia, 490pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Lenton YM, Lough JM, Obura DO, Pearce-Kelly P, Sheppard CRC, Spalding M, Stafford-Smith M, Rogers AD (2009) The coral reef crisis: the critical importance of <350 ppm CO2. Mar Pollut Bull 58:1428–1436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt H (1996) Investigations on coral reefs in the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary using underwater video recordings and digital image analysis. In: Krupp F, Abuzinada FH, Nader IA (eds) A marine wildlife sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf: environmental research and conservation following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Senckenberg Naturforsch Ges and NCWCD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, pp 302–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Volovik SP (1994) The effects of environmental changes caused by human activities on the biological communities of the River Don Azov Sea Basin. Water Sci Technol 29:43–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner A (2005) Robustness and evolvability in living systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker B, Salt D (2006) Resilience thinking: sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Island Press, Washington/London, 174pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace CC (1999) Staghorn corals of the World. A revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astroceoniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. CSIRO, Collingwood

    Google Scholar 

  • Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1995) New ‘biodiversity’ index measures reveal a decrease in taxonomic distinctness with increasing stress. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 129:301–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasmund N, Uhlig S (2003) Phytoplankton. Trends in the Baltic Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 60:177–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson CR (2008) Status of coral reefs of the world. 5th Global report of GCRMN, 296 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson S, Fatemi SMR, Shokri MR, Claerboudt M (2002) In: Wilkinson C (ed) Status of coral reefs of the world. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, pp 54–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood CM, McDonald DG (eds) (1997) Global warming: implications for freshwater and marine fish. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, UK, 444pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright JL (1974) A hydrographic and acoustic survey of the Persian Gulf. M.Sc. thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright JM (1988) Recruitment patterns and trophic relationships of fish in Sulaibikhat Bay, Kuwait. J Fish Biol 33:671–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye Y, Almatar S (2003) Toward integrated management of Kuwait’s coastal resources. Am Fish Soc Symp 38:475–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Yüksel I (2006) Southeastern Anatolia Project GAP for irrigation and hydroelectric power in Turkey. Energy Exploration Exploitation 24:361–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zainal K (ed) (2009) The cumulative impacts of reclamation and dredging activities. Report for ROPME, Kuwait

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK

    Charles Sheppard & Andrew R. G. Price

  2. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Salmiyah, Kuwait

    Mohsen Al-Husiani, Faiza Al-Yamani, James Bishop & Igor Polikarpov

  3. University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar

    F. Al-Jamali

  4. Five Oceans Environmental Services, 131, Muscat, Oman

    Rob Baldwin, Oliver Taylor & Simon Wilson

  5. University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, I-20126, Milano, Italy

    Francesca Benzoni

  6. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, A5, 98848, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, France

    Francesca Benzoni

  7. Creocean, Montpellier, France

    Eric Dutrieux

  8. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

    Nicholas K. Dulvy

  9. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Subba Rao V. Durvasula

  10. 443, Ctra. Cabo La Nao (Pla) 124-6, 03730, Javea, Alicante, Spain

    David A. Jones

  11. AES International Consultants, Manama, Bahrain

    Ron Loughland

  12. Halcrow Group Ltd., Leeds, UK

    David Medio

  13. Al Khiran Pearl City Project, La’ Ala Al-Kuwait, Souk Al-Kuwait Building, 22964, Safat, 13090, Kuwait

    M. Nithyanandan

  14. CEFAS, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK

    Graham M. Pilling

  15. National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA

    Sam J. Purkis & Bernhard M. Riegl

  16. Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine

    Maria Saburova

  17. Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Kaveh Samimi-Namin

  18. The University of Bahrain, 32038, Sakhir, Bahrain

    Khadija Zainal

Authors
  1. Charles Sheppard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohsen Al-Husiani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. Al-Jamali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Faiza Al-Yamani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rob Baldwin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. James Bishop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Francesca Benzoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Eric Dutrieux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Nicholas K. Dulvy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Subba Rao V. Durvasula
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. David A. Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Ron Loughland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. David Medio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. M. Nithyanandan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Graham M. Pilling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Igor Polikarpov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Andrew R. G. Price
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Sam J. Purkis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Bernhard M. Riegl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Maria Saburova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Kaveh Samimi-Namin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Oliver Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Simon Wilson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Khadija Zainal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charles Sheppard .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, 33004, Florida, USA

    Bernhard M. Riegl

  2. , National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, 33004, Florida, USA

    Sam J. Purkis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sheppard, C. et al. (2012). Environmental Concerns for the Future of Gulf Coral Reefs. In: Riegl, B., Purkis, S. (eds) Coral Reefs of the Gulf. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3008-3_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation