Abstract
Urbanisation and urban population growth have together been exerting pressure on the resources available while causing environmental pollution and resource degradation. These issues have led to a ‘green agenda’ that has been customarily dealt with in the form of assessing ecological footprint of cities, environmental impact analyses, and carrying-capacity assessments; the development/management plans for regions/city-regions are prepared based on these assessments. Such environmental management plans identify the actions/interventions that mitigate the likely impacts of urban development activities on resources, ecology, and environment. The understanding of climate change and its impact on the human society in the past decade has set a somewhat different global agenda with a focus on: (a) reducing green house gases, (b) instituting adaptation mechanisms, and (c) undertaking mitigation measures. The ultimate objectives of both these agenda are not mutually exclusive; rather, they can be ‘mutually reinforcing’ than being ‘autonomous’. There exists potential for their integration at urban/city-region level. Green management actions can reinforce the ‘emission reduction agenda’, if they were well cast based on the synergistic linkages between the two. This chapter attempts to bring out the possible integration between the approaches of ‘green agenda’ and ‘emission reduction agenda’, and it identifies the areas where both of them potentially converge. It also brings out the approaches of ‘Compact City’ in the UK and ‘Smart Growth’ in the USA with reference to such integration as a relevant case for replication in India, albeit to a good extent in metropolitan and mega cities like Mumbai.
This chapter is built upon another paper entitled ‘Compact city and smart growth as models for urban development’ written by the author for Sustainability Tomorrow for its special issue on ‘Rethinking Cities’ (Volume 3, Issue 2) in 2008.
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Notes
- 1.
Jenks and Burgess (2000) predicted that by 2025, 26 mega-cities with more than 10 million people would emerge, of which 22 are located in developing countries. India itself is expected to add four cities to the list.
- 2.
Industrial policy of Maharashtra state in India, for example, did not allow any major industrial establishment set-up within the municipal limits of Mumbai (other than the existing factories/mills established much earlier).
- 3.
An example given in this context is a wide difference in the ecological footprints of Barcelona and Atlanta, both are of comparable populations. Barcelona has low ecological footprint because of compact city development with better access to mass transport, whereas Atlanta has a spread out form of city with limited access to public transport.
- 4.
However, this theory is debated afresh with the citation of omissions and survey of the cities in the West. At the same time, Compact City is contested for bringing in energy-intensive structures, services, and transport.
- 5.
Few regions in India–National Capital Region and Jamshedpur region—have carrying-capacity-based development plans prepared for the respective regions.
- 6.
Kanpur city has got an urban environmental management plan prepared for it, but it has too many recommendations and lacks the ownership of local government as well as other concerned authorities.
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Nallathiga, R. (2015). Integration of Emission Reduction and Environmental Management Goals for Sustainable Urban Development. In: Reddy, B., Ulgiati, S. (eds) Energy Security and Development. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2065-7_30
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