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Contemporary Issues in Environmental Law pp 87–113Cite as

The Principle of Animal Welfare in the EU and Its Influence in Japan and the World

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Part of the book series: Environmental Protection in the European Union ((ENVPROTEC,volume 5))

Abstract

Measures on animal welfare have been developed since the 1970s, influenced by the European Conventions of the Council of Europe. While many measures on animal welfare have been adopted, there is no legal basis for animal welfare itself. The principle of animal welfare that considers animal welfare in formulating and implementing the Union’s policy, including common agricultural and internal market policy, is laid down in the declaration annexed to the Maastricht Treaty and now in Article 13 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) after the Treaty of Lisbon, which is a provision of the general application. One of the EU measures on animal welfare is related to animal testing. The absolute ban on the marketing of cosmetic products based on animal testing from 11 March 2013 influenced the policies of Japanese companies. Furthermore, legislation regarding trade in seal products has affected third countries and has been contested at the World Trade Organization (WTO) level. Animal welfare is globally considered as public moral issue.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Nash (1989).

  2. 2.

    Singer (1975).

  3. 3.

    For details of the legislation on measures on animal welfare, see Wilkins (1997).

  4. 4.

    Council Directive 74/577/EEC of 18 November 1974 on stunning of animals before slaughter, OJ 1977 L316/10.

  5. 5.

    European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/102.htm

  6. 6.

    88/306/EEC: Council Decision of 16 May 1988 on the conclusion of the European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter, OJ 1988 L137/25.

  7. 7.

    Council Directve 93/119/EC of 22 December 1993 on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing, OJ 1993 L340/21.

  8. 8.

    http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/087.htm

  9. 9.

    78/923/EEC: Council Decision of 19 June 1978 concerning the conclusion of the European Convention for the protection of animals kept for farming purposes, OJ 1978 L323/12.

  10. 10.

    Council Directive 98/58/EC of 20 July 1998 concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes, OJ 1998 L221/23.

  11. 11.

    Council Resolution of 22 July 1980 on the protection of layer hens in cages, OJ 1980 C 196/1.

  12. 12.

    Proposal for a Council Directive laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens kept in battery cages, COM (1981) 420.

  13. 13.

    Council Directive 86/113/EEC of 25 March 1986 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens kept in battery cages, OJ 1986 L95/45.

  14. 14.

    Directive 86/113, Article 3.

  15. 15.

    Case 131/86 UK v Council [1988] ECR 905

  16. 16.

    Council Directive 88/166/EEC of 7 March 1988 complying with the Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case 131/86, OJ 1988 L74/83.

  17. 17.

    Council Directive 1999/74/EC of 19 July 1999 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens, OJ 1999 L203/53.

  18. 18.

    Council Directive 2007/43/EC of 28 June 2007 laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production, OJ 2007 L182/19.

  19. 19.

    Council Directive 91/630/EEC of 19 November 1991 laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs, OJ 1991 L340/33.

  20. 20.

    Council Directive 2001/88/EC of 23 October amending Directive 91/630/EEC laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs.

  21. 21.

    Council Directive 2008/119/EC of 18 December 2008 laying down minimum standards for the protection of calves, OJ 2009 L10/7.

  22. 22.

    Council Directive 77/489/EEC of 18 July 1977 on the protection of animals during international transport, OJ 1977 L200/10.

  23. 23.

    European Convention for the protection of animals during international transport; The Convention was signed on 13 December 1968 and entered into force on 20 February 1970. The Convention was revised in 2003. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/193.htm

  24. 24.

    Council Decision (2004/544/EC) of 21 June 2004 on the signing of the European Convention for the protection of animals during international transport, OJ 2004 L241/21.

  25. 25.

    Council Directive 91/628/EEC of 19 November 1991 on the protection of animals during transport and amending 90/425/EEC and 91/496/EEC, OJ 1991 L340/17.

  26. 26.

    Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations, OJ 2005 L3/1.

  27. 27.

    Doc. A2-211/86, Resolution on animal welfare policy, OJ 1987 C76/185.

  28. 28.

    OJ 1991 L340/17.

  29. 29.

    OJ 1993 L340/21.

  30. 30.

    Glock (2003), p. 130.

  31. 31.

    Glock (2003), p. 130.

  32. 32.

    Calster (2000), p. 122.

  33. 33.

    Case C-189/01 Jippes and others v Minister van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Viseerij [2001] ECR I-5689, para. 79.

  34. 34.

    OJ 2001 L316/1/

  35. 35.

    OJ 2005 L3/1.

  36. 36.

    OJ 2007 L182/19.

  37. 37.

    Ex. Dhont (2003), Nakanishi (2009), pp. 115–150.

  38. 38.

    Report on the European Union Strategy for the Protection and Welfare of Animals 2012–2015, A7-0216/2012, p. 14.

  39. 39.

    Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds, OJ 2010 L20/71.

  40. 40.

    Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds, OJ 1979 L103/1.

  41. 41.

    Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, OJ 1992 L206/7.

  42. 42.

    Bolliger (2000), p. 4.

  43. 43.

    Council Regulation (EEC) No 3254/91 of 4 November 1991 prohibiting the use of leghold traps in the Community and the introduction into the Community of pelts and manufactured goods of certain wild animal species originating in countries which catch them by means of leghold traps or trapping methods which do not meet international humane trapping standards, OJ 1991 L308/1.

  44. 44.

    Case C-189/01 Jippes and others v Minister van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Viseerij [2001] ECR I-5689.

  45. 45.

    Case C-189/01, para. 48.

  46. 46.

    Case C-189/01, paras. 71–76.

  47. 47.

    Case C-189/01, paras. 77–79.

  48. 48.

    Spaventa (2002), p. 1159, p. 1170.

  49. 49.

    Joined Cases C-96/03 and C-97/03 Tempelman and others v Directeur van de Rijksdienst voor de keuring van Vee en Vlees [2005] ECR I-1895.

  50. 50.

    Joined Cases C-96/03 and C-97/03, para. 48.

  51. 51.

    Case C-504/04 Agrarproduktion Staebelow GmbH v Landrat des Landkreises Bad Doberan [2006] ECR I-679.

  52. 52.

    Case C-504/04, para. 37.

  53. 53.

    Joined Cases C-37/06 and C-58/06 Viamex Agrar Handels GmbH and Zuchtvieh-Kontor GmbH v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas [2008] I-69.

  54. 54.

    Joined Cases C-37/06 and C-58/06, paras. 20–24.

  55. 55.

    Case C-219/07 Nationale Raad van Dierenkwekers en Liefhebbers VZW v Belgische Staat [2008] ECR I-4475, para. 27.

  56. 56.

    Case C-424/13 Zuchtvieh-Export GmbH v Stadt Kempten [2015] ECR I-nyr (23 April 2015).

  57. 57.

    Case C-424/13, para. 35.

  58. 58.

    Case C-424/13, para. 56.

  59. 59.

    Case C-424/13, para. 36.

  60. 60.

    Communication on a Community Action Plan on the Protection and Welfare of Animals 2006–2010, COM (2006) 13 final.

  61. 61.

    Ibid., p. 2.

  62. 62.

    Ibid., p. 2.

  63. 63.

    Ibid., pp. 2–3.

  64. 64.

    Communication on the European Union Strategy for the Protection and Welfare of Animals 2012–2015, COM (2012) 6 final.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., pp. 4–5.

  66. 66.

    Ibid., pp. 6–9.

  67. 67.

    Ibid., p. 10.

  68. 68.

    Ibid., p. 8.

  69. 69.

    Report on the European Union Strategy for the Protection and Welfare of Animals 2012–2015, A7-0216/2012.

  70. 70.

    Ibid., pp. 12 and 14.

  71. 71.

    Ibid., pp. 12 and 17.

  72. 72.

    Council conclusions on the protection and welfare of animals, 3176th Agriculture and Fisheries Council meeting, 18 June 2012, Press release, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/agricult/131032.pdf

  73. 73.

    Ibid., p. 4.

  74. 74.

    OIE is the abbreviation for the World Organisation for Animal Health. Japan entered it in 1930.

  75. 75.

    Ibid., p. 7.

  76. 76.

    Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products, OJ 1976 L262/169.

  77. 77.

    Council Directive 93/35/EEC of 14 June 1993 amending for the sixth time Directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products, OJ 1993 L151/32.

  78. 78.

    Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of law, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, OJ 1986 L358/1.

  79. 79.

    Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products, OJ 2009 L342/59.

  80. 80.

    Communication on the animal testing and marketing ban and on the state of play in relation to alternative methods in the field of cosmetics, COM (2013) 135.

  81. 81.

    COM (2013) 135, p. 3.

  82. 82.

    COM (2013) 135, pp. 4–5.

  83. 83.

    COM (2013) 135, p. 5.

  84. 84.

    Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of law, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, OJ 1986 L358/1.

  85. 85.

    Directive 2010/63/RU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, OJ 2010 L276/33.

  86. 86.

    Doubutsuaigokanrihoureikenkyukai (2001), p. 3.

  87. 87.

    Doubutsuaigokanrihoureikenkyukai (2001), pp. 3–4.

  88. 88.

    Act on Protection and Management of Animals, Act No. 105 of 1 October 1973.

  89. 89.

    Aoki (2000), p. 25.

  90. 90.

    Dobutsuaigokannreihoureikennkyukai (ed.), p. 5.

  91. 91.

    Fujisawa (2012), 2012, p. 356.

  92. 92.

    http://www.alive-net.net/english/en-law/index.html

  93. 93.

    Okamoto (2012), p. 325.

  94. 94.

    http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/gianjoho/ketsugi/180/f073_082801.pdf (in Japanese).

  95. 95.

    Sakuma (2005), p. 188.

  96. 96.

    Sakuma (2005), p. 188.

  97. 97.

    https://www.env.go.jp/nature/dobutsu/aigo/2_data/laws/nt_h25_84.pdf

  98. 98.

    https://www.env.go.jp/nature/dobutsu/aigo/2_data/laws/guideline_h25.pdf

  99. 99.

    http://www.mhlw.go.jp/general/seido/kousei/i-kenkyu/doubutsu/0606sisin.html

  100. 100.

    http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/06060904.htm

  101. 101.

    http://www.mhlw.go.jp/general/seido/kousei/i-kenkyu/doubutsu/0606sisin.html

  102. 102.

    http://www.scj.go.jp/ja/info/kohyo/pdf/kohyo-20-k16-2e.pdf

  103. 103.

    Fujisawa, p. 355.

  104. 104.

    Fujisawa, p. 356.

  105. 105.

    http://www.usagi-o-sukue.org/shiseido4.html

  106. 106.

    http://www.jacvam.jp/en/index.html

  107. 107.

    Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning trade in seal products, COM (2008) 469.

  108. 108.

    Regulation 1007/2009 on trade in seal products, OJ of the EU 2009 L286/36.

  109. 109.

    Case T-18/10 Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and others [2011] ECR II-5599.

  110. 110.

    Case C-583/11P Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and others [2013] ECR I-nyr.

  111. 111.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No 737/2010 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1007/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on trade in seal products, OJ 2010 L216/1.

  112. 112.

    Case T-526/10 Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and others [2013] ECR II-nyr ECLI:EU:T:2013:251.

  113. 113.

    Case C-398/13 P Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and others (3 September 2015): ECLI:EU:C:2015:535.

  114. 114.

    WT/DS400/R, WT/DS401/R (25 November 2013).

  115. 115.

    WT/DS400/AB/R, WT/DS401/AB/R (22 May 2014).

  116. 116.

    Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1007/2009 on trade in seal products, COM (2015) 45, p. 2.

  117. 117.

    Shaffer and Pabian (2014), p. 1.

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  1. Graduate School of Law, Hitotsubashi Univeristy, Tokyo, Japan

    Yumiko Nakanishi

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    Yumiko Nakanishi

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Nakanishi, Y. (2016). The Principle of Animal Welfare in the EU and Its Influence in Japan and the World. In: Nakanishi, Y. (eds) Contemporary Issues in Environmental Law. Environmental Protection in the European Union, vol 5. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55435-6_6

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