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Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass

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Book cover Application of Hydrothermal Reactions to Biomass Conversion

Part of the book series: Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology ((GCST))

Abstract

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass is a pretreatment process to homogenize and densify diverse biomass feedstocks. The solid product is hydrophobic and friable with ultimate analysis similar to that of lignite, and is easily made into durable, dense pellets. Byproducts include aqueous sugars, acids, carbon dioxide, and water. The process consists of treatment in hot (180–280 °C) compressed water for short contact times, and has been demonstrated on woody biomass, agricultural residues, and grasses. HTC reactions include hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, condensation, polymerization, and aromatization. Nearly all hemicellulose is removed and converted to simple sugars and furfural. Cellulose begins to react at 200 °C, and produces oligosaccharides, glucose, 5-HMF, and organic acids. Lignin is relatively inert. HTC reactions are relatively fast, with reaction times measured in minutes. Both hemicellulose and cellulose degrade by apparent first-order reaction kinetics, where hemicellulose exhibits an activation energy of 30 kJ mol−1, and that of cellulose is 73 kJ mol−1. There has been a flurry of research on HTC published recently, but little commercial activity. Innovative design is required for commercialization, and costs may be high, due to high pressure operation. However, as demand for biomass increases, HTC will surely play a role in enhancing supply chain logistics.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Nevada, MS 170, Reno, NV, 89557, USA

    Charles J. Coronella, Joan G. Lynam, M. Toufiq Reza & M. Helal Uddin

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  1. Charles J. Coronella
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  4. M. Helal Uddin
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Correspondence to Charles J. Coronella .

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  1. School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Fangming Jin

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Coronella, C.J., Lynam, J.G., Reza, M.T., Uddin, M.H. (2014). Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass. In: Jin, F. (eds) Application of Hydrothermal Reactions to Biomass Conversion. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54458-3_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54458-3_12

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