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Early Gastrointestinal Cancers pp 115–140Cite as

Why is There a Change in Patterns of GE Cancer?

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Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 196))

Abstract

Recent decades have seen a worrying trend in incidence rates of distal oesophageal and proximal gastric cancers. Fuelled by radical changes in lifestyle, diet, physical activity and environmental exposures, as well as an ageing population and host genetic predisposition, the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is on the rise in Western populations. While overall incidence of gastric cancers is declining, the ageing of society means that an increase in absolute numbers is expected over coming years. Both cancers tend to present at an advanced stage, hence prognosis remains poor despite increasingly effective screening and treatment strategies. The development of gastric and oesophageal malignancies is influenced by myriad factors, not least geographical, racial and socioeconomic differences in addition to lifestyle choices. The multidimensional nature of these risk factors requires a holistic understanding of their net influence in the development of malignancy. This review explores the evidence base for established and putative risk factors in the development of gastric and oesophageal cancers. It is hoped that with a clear understanding of important risk factors, a multidisciplinary approach including effective primary prevention, regular screening of high-risk groups and continued research into the molecular biology of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis may facilitate a reduction in incidence rates, as well as early detection and optimal management of upper gastrointestinal malignancies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Balmoral Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom

    Prarthana Thiagarajan

  2. Digestive Disease Centre, Level 4, Windsor Building, Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom

    Janusz A. Jankowski

  3. Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom

    Janusz A. Jankowski

  4. Centre for Digestive Diseases, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 7AT, United Kingdom

    Janusz A. Jankowski

Authors
  1. Prarthana Thiagarajan
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  2. Janusz A. Jankowski
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Correspondence to Janusz A. Jankowski .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tumor- und Brustzentrum ZeTuP AG, Rorschacherstr. 150, St. Gallen, 9006, Switzerland

    Florian Otto

  2. Rheinstr. 2, Saarbrücken, 66113, Germany

    Manfred P. Lutz

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© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Thiagarajan, P., Jankowski, J.A. (2012). Why is There a Change in Patterns of GE Cancer?. In: Otto, F., Lutz, M. (eds) Early Gastrointestinal Cancers. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 196. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31629-6_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31629-6_8

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-31628-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-31629-6

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