Abstract
In linguistics, the term endophora [1] defines the co-reference of an expression with another expression either before or after it. The endophoric relationship is often spoken of as one expression ‘referring to’ another. Endophora mainly takes places when, in a same sentence, a pronoun and a (proper or common) noun co-occur referring (back or forward) to one another. This mechanism is called endophoric deixis. The most used and known kinds of endophora are anaphora (the use of an expression which depends specifically upon an antecedent expression), and cataphora (the use of an expression which depends upon a postcedent expression). The anaphoric term is called an anaphor (a word, such as a pronoun, used to avoid repetition; the referent of an anaphor is determined by its antecedent), while the cataphoric term is called a cataphor (a word that refers to or stands for another word used later).
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Notes
- 1.
A proper identification of these and similar anaphoric and/or cataphoric referrals must be performed according to sentence semantics, avoiding any possible form of interpretation. This implies the fact of attesting the co-reference between her and Sally, and that her do not refer to another esophoric proper noun. In the following pages, we will return to this issue more broadly.
- 2.
As it is defined in [9, page 173], discourses are utterances formed by two or more simple sentences, connected by means of either paratactic or hypotactic conjunctions.
- 3.
Pre-determiners are modifiers of other determiners, nouns or articles; they can be classified into three main groups, such as multipliers, fractions, and intensifiers. They state precisely or suggest approximately the amount or the number of a noun. An intensifier is also called a booster. Despite having little meaning in itself, it adds, however, force to the meaning of another word or a phrase it modifies. We can group pre-determiners and modifiers by the noun types they quantify.
- 4.
These words may be approximately translated into English with “some, equally, other, others, both, antepenult, rather, some, each one, each, many, several, two, both, the/it/her, the/it/his, them, the same, my, much, much, nobody, nothing, no one, ours, nothing, nil, each one, a lot, next to last, little, first, just/own, just/own, next, somebody, something, somewhere, someone, who/whom, whatever, what, fourth last, that, that, this, fifth last, sixth last, himself, his, someone else, such, someone, anybody, little, much, third last, tot, too, you, all, last”. At any rate, many of these translations could be faulty in specific sentence contexts.
- 5.
These patterns are rather rare, and concern word sequences as “alcuni I quali, alcuni che” (some who/whom).
- 6.
Some minimal examples of Pro-Drop sentences in Romance languages are:
- 7.
For instance in:
- 8.
In [11, page 46], co-text is defined as follows: “In our discussion so far we have concentrated particularly on the physical context in which single utterances are embedded and we have paid rather little attention to the previous discourse co-ordinate. Lewis introduced this co-ordinate to take account of sentences which include specific reference to what has been mentioned before as in phrases like the aforementioned. It is, however, the case that any sentence other than the first in a fragment of discourse, will have the whole of its interpretation forcibly constrained by the preceding text, not just those phrases which obviously and specifically refer to the preceding text, like the aforementioned. Just as the interpretation of the token ɋ in the child's representation of ‘without to disturb the lion’ and the token [p] in [greipbritn] are determined by the context in which they appear, so the words which occur in discourse are constrained by what, following Halliday, we shall call their co-text”.
- 9.
Our corpus files is a novel and contains 170 pages, ie 122.315 words.
- 10.
For instance, adjectives, nouns, verb (past participles), compound pre-determiners, and pronouns, ie POS elements with a high LA potential level.
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Monteleone, M. (2016). NooJ Local Grammars for Endophora Resolution. In: Barone, L., Monteleone, M., Silberztein, M. (eds) Automatic Processing of Natural-Language Electronic Texts with NooJ. NooJ 2016. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 667. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55002-2_16
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