Skip to main content

Secondary Osteoporosis in Conditions of Pediatric Onset

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Osteoporosis Rehabilitation
  • 894 Accesses

Abstract

Continuing the themes set forth in the prior chapter, secondary osteoporosis can result from disorders of the central nervous system or directly from the muscles. This chapter will discuss two of the most common pediatric disorders seen in rehabilitation hospitals and clinics, both in pediatric units and transitional “young adult” programs: cerebral palsy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Other forms of muscular dystrophy, such as Becker’s muscular dystrophy, produce significantly less disability so are not considered here.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Risenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Daniano D, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007;109:8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  2. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts about cerebral palsy. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbdd/cp/facts/html. Accessed 25 Oct 2015.

  3. Fairhurst C. Cerebral palsy: the whys and hows. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2012;97(4):122–31. doi:10.1136/edpract-2011-300593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Cerebral palsy: hope through research. National Institutes of Health; 2015. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disordersofcerebralpalsy/detail_cerebral_palsy.htm. Accessed 9 Sept 2015.

  5. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts about cerebral palsy. http://ninds.nih.gov/ncbddd/cp/facts.html. Accessed 9 Sept 2015.

  6. Nelson K, Grether J. Causes of cerebral palsy. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1999;11(6):487–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Reddihough DS, Collins KJ. The epidemiology and causes of cerebral palsy. Aust J Physiother. 2003;49(1):7–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. McIntyre S, Blair E, Badawi N, Keogh J, Nelson KB. Antecedents of cerebral palsy and perinatal death in term and late preterm singletons. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(4):869–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jones MW, Morgan E, Shelton JF, Thorogood C. Cerebral palsy: introduction and diagnosis (part 1). J Pediatr Health Care. 2007;21(3):146–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. National Cerebral Palsy Foundation. Signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy. http://cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/sign-and-symptoms/. Accessed 20 Sept 2015.

  11. Noritz GH, Murphy NA, Neuromotor Screening Expert Panel. Motor delays: early identification and evaluation. Pediatrics. 2013;131(6):e2016–27. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1056.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, Livingston M. Content validity of the expanded and revised gross motor function classification system. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(10):744–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ashwal S, Russman BB, Blasco PA, Miller G, Sandler A, Shevell M, et al. Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy—report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004;62:851–63. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000117981.35364.1B.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Verma H, Srivastava V, Semwal BC. A review of cerebral palsy and its management. J Sci. 2012;2:54–62.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Krigger KW. Cerebral palsy: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73(1):91–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fowler EG, Ho TW, Nwigwe AL, Dorey FJ. The effect of quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening exercises on spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2001;81(6):1215–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Eek MN, Tranberg R, Zugmer R, Alkema K, Beckrung E. Muscle strength training to improve gait function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(10):759–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Delgardo MR, Hirtz D, Aisen M, Ashwal S, Fehlings DL, McLaughlin J, et al. Practice parameter: pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2010;74(4):336–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Houlihan CM, Stevenson RD. Bone density in cerebral palsy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2009;20(3):493–508. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2009.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Shaw NJ. Management of osteoporosis in children. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:S33–9. doi:10.1530/EJE-08-0282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. International Society for Clinical Densitometry. ISCD official position-pediatric: skeletal health assessment in children from infancy to adolescence. International Society for Clinical Densitometry; 2013. http://www.iscd.org/official-positions/2013-iscd-official-positions-pediatric/.

  22. Sheridan K. Assessing bone health in children: DXA scans play a vital role in management. Pediatr Perspect: Gillette Child Specialty Health Care. 2010;19(1):1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Binkley T, Johnson J, Vogel L, Specker B. Bone measurements by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 2005;147(6):7912–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Henderson RC, Kairella J, Abbas A, Stevenson RD. Predicting low bone density in children and young adults with quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:416–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Henderson RC, Lark RK, Newman JE, Kecskemethy H, Fung EB, Renner JB, et al. Pediatric reference data for dual x-ray absorptiometric measures of normal bone density in the distal femur. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178(2):439–43. abs/10.2214/ajr.1780439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cheung AM, Adachi JD, Hanley DA, Kendler DL, Davison KS, Josse R, et al. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for the assessment of bone strength and structure: a review by the Canadian Bone Strength Workshop. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2013;11(2):136–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Fehlings D, Switzer L, Agarwal P, Wong C, Sochett E, Stevenson R, et al. Informing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for children with cerebral palsy at risk of osteoporosis: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(2):106–16. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04091.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Pin TW. Effectiveness of static weight-bearing exercises in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007;19(1):62–73. 10.1097/PEP.Ob013e318030211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chad KE, Bailey DA, McKay HA, Zello GA, Snyder RE. The effect of a weight-bearing physical activity program on bone mineral content and estimated volumetric density in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 1999;135(1):115–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Caulton JM, Ward KA, Alsop CW, Dunn G, Adams JE, Mughal M. A randomised controlled trial of standing programmes on bone mineral density in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89(2):131–5. doi:10.1136/adc.2002.009316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Ward K, Alsop C, Caulton J, Rubin C, Adams J, Mughal Z. Low magnitude mechanical loading is osteogenic in children with disabling conditions. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(3):360–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Eisenberg S, Zuk L, Carmelio E, Katz-Leurer M. Contribution of stepping while standing to function and secondary conditions among children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2009;12(2):79–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Smania N, Bonetti P, Gandolfi M, Cosentino A, Waldner A, Hesse S, et al. Improved gait after repetitive locomotor training in children with cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90(2):137–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kilpinen-Loisa P, Nenonen H, Pihko H, Makitie PO. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in children with cerebral palsy or neuromuscular disorder. Neuropediatrics. 2007;38(4):167–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Jekovec-Vrhovsek M, Kocijancic A, Prezeli J. Effect of vitamin D and calcium on bone mineral density in children with CP and epilepsy in full-time care. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42(6):403–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Henderson RC, Lark RK, Kecshemethy HH, Miller F, Harcke HT, Bachrach SJ. Bisphosphonates to treat osteopenia in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2002;141(5):644–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Plotkin YH, Coughlin S, Kreikemeier R, Heidi K, Bruzoni M, Lerner G. Low doses of pamidronate to treat osteopenia in children with severe cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(9):709–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Iwasaki T, Nonoda Y, Ishii M. Long-term outcomes of children and adolescents who had cerebral palsy with secondary osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(5):737–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Devesa J, Casteleiro H, Roddicio C, Lopez N, Reimunde P. Growth hormone deficiency and cerebral palsy. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2010;6:413–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Oskoui M. Growing up with cerebral palsy: contemporary challenges of health care transition. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(1):23–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Viner R. Transition from paediatric to adult care: bridging the gaps or passing the buck? Arch Dis Child. 1999;81(3):271–5. doi:10.1136/adc.81.3.271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Schwartz L, Engel JM, Jensen MP. Pain in persons with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(10):1243–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hirsh AT, Gallegos JC, Gertz KJ, Engel JM, Jensen MP. Symptom burden in individuals with cerebral palsy. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2010;47(9):863–76. 10.1682/JRRD.2010.03.00224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Tosi LL, Maher N, Moore DW, Goldstein M, Aisen ML. Adults with cerebral palsy: a workshop to define the challenges or treating and preventing secondary musculoskeletal and neuromuscular complications in this rapidly growing population. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51 Suppl 4:2–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Murphy KP, Molnar GE, Lankasky K. Medical and functional status of adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37(12):1075–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Andersson C, Mattsson E. Adults with cerebral palsy: a survey describing problems, needs and resources, with special emphasis on locomotion. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43(2):76–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. McGinley JL, Pogrebnoy D, Morgan P. Mobility in ambulant adults with cerebral palsy—challenges for the future. In: Svraka E, editor. Cerebral palsy—challenges for the future. InTech; 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58344.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Jensen MP, Engel JM, Hoffman AJ, Schwartz L. Natural history of chronic pain and pain treatment in adults with cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83(6):439–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Engel JM, Kartin D, Jensen MP. Pain treatment in persons with cerebral palsy: frequency and helpfulness. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(4):291–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Van Schaeybroeck P, Nuttin B, Lagae L, Schrijvers E, Borghgraef C, Feys P. Intrathecal baclofen for intractable cerebral spasticity: a prospective placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Neurosurgery. 2000;46(3):603–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hirsh AT, Kratz AL, Engbel JM, Jensen MP. Survey results of pain treatments in adults with cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90(3):207–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Jeglinsky I, Surakka J, Carlberg EB, Autti-Ramo I. Evidence on physiotherapeutic interventions for adults with cerebral palsy is sparse. A systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(9):771–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Scianni A, Butler JMJ, Ada L, Teixeira-Salmela LF. Muscle strengthening is not effective in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55(2):81–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Andersson C, Grooten W, Hellsten M, Kaping K, Mattsson E. Adults with cerebral palsy: walking ability after progressive strength training. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45(4):220–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Taylor NF, Dodd KJ, Larkin H. Adults with cerebral palsy benefit from participating in a strength training programme at a community gymnasium. Disabil Rehabil. 2004;26(9):1128–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Allen J, Dodd KJ, Taylor NE, McBurney H, Larkin H. Strength training can be enjoyable and beneficial for adults with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil. 2004;26(19):1121–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Damiano DL. Activity, activity, activity: rethinking our physical therapy approach to cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2006;86(11):1534–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bottos M, Feliciangeli A, Sciuto L, Gericke C, Vianello A. Functional status of adults with cerebral palsy and implications for treatment of children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43(8):516–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Vogtle LK. Pain in adults with cerebral palsy: impact and solutions. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51 Suppl 4:113–21. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03423.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Horstmann HM, Hosalkar H, Keenan MA. Orthopedic issues in the musculoskeletal care of adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999;51 Suppl 4:99–105.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Reynolds MR, Ray WZ, Strom RG, Blackburn SL, Lee A, Park TS. Clinical outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy in an adult population. World Neurosurg. 2011;75(1):138–44. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2010.09.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Henderson RC, Henderson BA, Kecshemethy HH, Hidalgo ST, Nikolava BA, Sheridan K. Adaptation of the lateral distal femur DXA technique to adults with disabilities. J Clin Densitom. 2015;18(1):102–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Fowler EG, Rao S, Nattiv A, Heberer K, Oppenheim WL. Bone density in premenopausal women and men under 50 years of age with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(7):1304–9. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.03.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Nakano H, Aoyagi K, Ohgi S, Akiyama T. Factors influencing metacarpal bone mineral density in adults with cerebral palsy. J Bone Miner Metab. 2003;21(6):409–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mosqueda L. Maintaining health and function. In: Kemp BJ, Mosqueda L, editors. Aging with a disability: what the clinician needs to know. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2004. p. 87–101.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Morgan P, McGinley J. Performance of adults with cerebral palsy related to falls, balance and function: a preliminary report. Dev Neurorehabil. 2013;16(2):113–20. doi:10.3109/17518423.2012.725107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sheridan KJ. Osteoporosis in adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51 Suppl 4:38–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Giangregorio LM, Craven C. Whole-body vibration as potential intervention for people with low bone density and osteoporosis: a review. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46(4):529–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Yang F, King GA, Dillon L, Su X. Controlled whole-body vibration training reduces risk of falls among community-dwelling older adults. J Biomech. 2015;48(12):3206–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Wysocki A, Butler M, Shamliyan T, Kane RL. Whole-body vibration therapy for osteoporosis: state of the science. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(10):680–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Bukata SV. Systematic administration of pharmacological agents and bone repair: what can we expect. Injury. 2011;42(6):605–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Reed ML, Merrium GR, Kargi A. Adult growth hormone deficiency—benefits, side effects, and risks of growth hormone replacement. Front Endocrinol. 2013;4:64. doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Bell JM, Blackwood D, Shields MD, Watters J, Hamilton A, Beringer T, et al. Interventions to prevent steroid-induced osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD10899. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010899.

    Google Scholar 

  74. National Human Genome Research Institute. Learning about Duchenne muscular dystrophy. http://www.genome.gov/19518854. Accessed 11 Oct 2015.

  75. Oda T, Shimizu N, Yonenobu K, Ono K, Nabeshima T, Kyoh S. Longitudinal study of spinal deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(4):478–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Muscular Dystrophy Association. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: diagnosis. Bethesda: Muscular Dystrophy Association; 2015. https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy/diagnosis. Accessed 12 Oct 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  77. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Muscular dystrophy: hope through research. Bethesda: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes; 2015. Accessed Oct 2015. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Bushby K, Finkel R, Birnkrant DJ, Case LE, Clemens PR, Cripe L. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: diagnosis, and pharmacological and psychosocial management. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:77–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Flanigan KM, von Niederhausern A, Dunn DM, Alder J, Mendell J, Weiss RB. Rapid direct sequence analysis of the dystrophin gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(4):931–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Lovering RM, Porter NC, Bloch RJ. The muscular dystrophies: from genes to therapies. Phys Ther. 2005;85(122):1372–88.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Forst J, Forst R. Surgical treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients in Germany: the present situation. Acta Myol. 2012;3(1):21–3.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Iodice F, Testa G, Averardi M, Brancaccio G, Amodeo A, Cogo P. Implantation of a left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients with end stage cardiac failure: management and lessons learned. Neuromuscul Disord. 2015;225(1):19–23. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2014.08.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Manzur AY, Kuntzer T, Pike M, Swan A. Glucocorticoid corticosteroids for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;23(12), CD003725.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Angelini C, Tasca E. Drugs in development and dietary approach for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dove Press; 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ODRR.S55677.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Rodino-Klapac LR, Chicoine LG, Kaspar BK. Gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: expectations and challenges. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(9):1236–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Muscular Dystrophy Association. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: research. https://www.mda.org/disease/dhcuenne-muscular-dystrophy/research. Accessed 10 Dec 2015.

  87. Buckner JL, Bowden SA, Mahan JD. Optimizing bone health in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:1–9. (Article ID: 928385). 10.1155/2015/928385.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Aparicio LF, Jurkovic M, DeLullo J. Decreased bone density in ambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22(2):179–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Larson CMJ, Henderson RC. Bone mineral density on fractures in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20(1):71–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Bianchi MJ, Mazzanti A, Galbiati E, Saraifoger S, Dubini A, Cornelio F, et al. Bone mineral density and bone metabolism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(9):761–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. King WM, Ruttencutter R, Nagaraja HN, Matkovic V, Landell J, Hoyle C. Orthopedic outcomes of long-term daily corticosteroid treatment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neurology. 2007;68(19):1607–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bothwell JE, Gordon KE, Dooley JM, MacSween J, Cummings EA, Salisbury S. Vertebral fractures in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003;42(4):353–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Tian C, Wong B, Hornung L, Khoury J, Miller L, Bange J, Tian C, Wong B, Hornung L, Khoury J, Miller L, Bange J, et al. Age-specific prevalence of osteoporosis and frequency of poor bone health indices to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MON-0162). Neuromuscul Disord. 2014;24(9–10):857. doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. King WM, Kissel JT, Visy D, Goel PK, Matkovic V. Skeletal health in Duchenne dystrophy: bone size and subcranial dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry analysis. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49(4):512–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Quinlivan R, Shaw N, Bushby K. 170th ENMC international workshop: bone protection for corticosteroid treated Duchenne muscular dystrophy. November 2009, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord. 2010;20(11):761–9. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2010.07.272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Bianchi ML, Morandi L, Andreucci E, Vai S, Frasunkiewicz J, Cottafava R. Low bone density and bone metabolism alterations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: responses to calcium and vitamin D treatment. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(2):529–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Myers KA, Ramage B, Khan A, Mah JK. Vibration therapy tolerated in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a pilot study. Pediatr Neurol. 2014;51(1):126–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Soderpalm AC, Kroksmark AK, Magnusson P, Karlsson J, Tulinius M, Swolin-Eide D. Whole body vibration therapy in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy – a prospective observational study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2013;13(1):13–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Hawker GA, Rideout R, Harris VA, Chase CC, Fielding LJ, Rigger WD. Lendronate in the treatment of low bone mass in steroid-treated boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:284–8. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.04.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Houston C, Mathews K, Shibli-Rahhai A. Bone density and alendronate effects in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49(4):506–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Shrocchi AM, Rauch F, Jacob P, McCormick A, McMillan HJ, Matzinger MA, et al. The use of intravenous bisphosphonate therapy to treat vertebral fractures due to osteoporosis among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(11):2703–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rodger S, Steffensen BF, Lochmuller H. Transition from childhood to adulthood in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7 Suppl 2:A8. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-7-S2-A8.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Wagner KR, Lechzin N, Judge DP. Current treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2007;1772(2):229–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Manzur AY, Kinali M, Muntoni F. Update on the management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93(11):986–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Passamano L, Taglia A, Palladino A, Viggiano E, D’Ambrosio P, Sccutifero M, et al. Improvement of survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a retrospective analysis of 835 patients. Acta Myol. 2012;31(2):121–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Eagle M, Bourke J, Bullock R, Gibson M, Mehta J, Giddings D, et al. Managing Duchenne muscular dystrophy—the additive effect of spinal surgery and home nocturnal ventilation in improving survival. Neuromuscul Disord. 2007;17(6):470–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. LoMauro A, D’Angelo MG, Aliverti A. Assessment and management of respiratory function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: current and emerging options. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;11:1475–88.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Rahbek J, Steffensen BF, Bushby K, de Groot IJM. 2006th ENMC international workshop: care for a novel group of patients—adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Naarden, The Netherlands, 23–25 May 2014. Neuromuscul Disord. 2015;25:727–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Verhaert D, Richards K, Rafael-Fortney JA, Raman SV. Cardiac involvement in patients with muscular dystrophies: magnetic resonance imaging phenotype and genotypic considerations. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(1):67–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown Jr EJ, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction trial. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement (SAVE) trial. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(10):669–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Duboc D, Meune C, Lerebours G, Devaux JY, Vaksmann G, Becane HM. Effect of perindopril on the onset and progression of left ventricular dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(6):855–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Viollet L, Thrush PT, Flanigan KM, Mendell JR, Allen HD. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or beta blockers on the cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(1):98–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. McNally EM, Kaitman JR, Benson DW, Canter CE, Cripe LH, Duan D, et al. Contemporary cardiac issues in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Circulation. 2015;131(18):1590–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Gianola S, Pecoraro V, Lambiase S, Gatti R, Banfi G, Moja L. Efficacy of muscle exercise in patients with muscular dystrophy; a systematic review showing a missed opportunity to improve outcomes. PLoS One. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065414.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Quinlivan R, Roper H, Davie M, Shaw NJ, McDonagh J, Bushby K. Osteoporosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: its prevalence, treatment and prevention. Neuromuscul Disord. 2005;15(1):72–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Pangalila RF, van den Bos GA, Bartels B, Bergen MP, Kampelmacher MJ, Stam HJ, et al. Quality of life of adult men with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the Netherlands: implications for care. J Rehabil Med. 2015;47:161–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Reilly S, Skuse D. Prevalence of feeding problems and oral motor dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy: a community survey. J Pediatr. 1996;129:877–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Parkes J, Hill N, Platt MJ, Donnelly C. Oromotor dysfunction and communication impairments in children with cerebral palsy: a register study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52:1113–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christina V. Oleson .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Oleson, C.V. (2017). Secondary Osteoporosis in Conditions of Pediatric Onset. In: Osteoporosis Rehabilitation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45084-1_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45084-1_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45082-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45084-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics