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Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Consolidation pp 227–249Cite as

Hippocampal Sharp Wave/Ripple Complexes—Physiology and Mechanisms

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Abstract

Hippocampal sharp wave/ripple complexes (SWRs) are rhythmic electrographic activities that appear strictly coupled with resting behavioral waking states of the brain and slow-wave sleep. Several lines of evidence now support their involvement in the formation and long-term consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories. During SWRs, the hippocampal networks experience a sharp and transient (~50–100 ms) increase in neuronal activity that is temporally coherent across both hippocampi; further, sharp wave-associated ripple oscillations express a remarkably high oscillation frequency of ~120–250 cycles per second; finally, SWRs are irregular in occurrence. Despite around three decades of research into the mechanistic underpinnings of this phenomenon, a coherent theory of various aspects—e.g. its initiation and termination, and the precise synchronization of thousands of neurons at millisecond precision––is still unavailable. Here, we will outline the current understanding of the implications and the mechanisms that govern SWRs, from both a physiological and a network-theoretical perspective. We will put special emphasis on the contributing neuronal populations and will discuss unresolved aspects.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Aarti Swaminathan, André Holzbecher, Barbara Imbrosci, Benedikt Salmen, Dietmar Schmitz, José Donoso, Nikolay Chenkov, Roberta Evangelista and Roger D. Traub for helpful comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Nikolaus Maier

  2. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Richard Kempter

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Correspondence to Nikolaus Maier or Richard Kempter .

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  1. Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Nikolai Axmacher

  2. University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Björn Rasch

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Maier, N., Kempter, R. (2017). Hippocampal Sharp Wave/Ripple Complexes—Physiology and Mechanisms. In: Axmacher, N., Rasch, B. (eds) Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Consolidation. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_14

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