Skip to main content

Malignant Melanoma in the Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Population

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Cancer in Adolescents and Young Adults

Part of the book series: Pediatric Oncology ((PEDIATRICO))

  • 2041 Accesses

Abstract

Incidence of melanoma in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population is rapidly increasing. AYA melanoma is genetically similar to that of adults with a similarly adverse prognosis in patients with advanced disease. Management of AYA patients requires attention to several unique features in this patient population including historically low rates of clinical trial participation and lack of suitable psychosocial support services - factors which affect may access to treatment and possibly impact upon survival. In this chapter, we review recent data regarding changing incidence trends and management of melanoma in the AYA population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds) SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2012. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/, based on November 2014 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, Apr 2015

  2. Purdue MP, Freeman LE, Anderson WF, Tucker MA (2008) Recent trends in incidence of cutaneous melanoma among US Caucasian young adults. J Invest Dermatol 128(12):2905–2908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T et al (2005) Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med 353(20):2135–2147

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV et al (2012) A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell 150(2):251–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Vigil D, Cherfils J, Rossman KL, Der CJ (2010) Ras superfamily GEFs and GAPs: validated and tractable targets for cancer therapy? Nat Rev Cancer 10(12):842–857

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Lu C, Zhang J, Nagahawatte P et al (2015) The genomic landscape of childhood and adolescent melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 135(3):816–823

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Stephens P, Wiesner T, He J et al (2014) Kinase fusions are frequent in Spitz tumours and spitzoid melanomas. Nat Commun 5:3116

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Cannon-Albright LA, Goldgar DE et al (1992) Assignment of a locus for familial melanoma, MLM, to chromosome 9p13-p22. Science 258(5085):1148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Piepkorn M (2000) Melanoma genetics: an update with focus on the CDKN2A(p16)/ARF tumor suppressors. J Am Acad Dermatol 42(5 Pt 1):705–722; quiz 723–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Goldstein AM, Chan M, Harland M et al (2007) Features associated with germline CDKN2A mutations: a GenoMEL study of melanoma-prone families from three continents. J Med Genet 44(2):99–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Aoude LG, Gartside M, Johansson P et al (2015) Prevalence of germline BAP1, CDKN2A, and CDK4 mutations in an Australian population-based sample of cutaneous melanoma cases. Twin Res Hum Genet 19:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  12. Goldstein AM, Chan M, Harland M et al (2006) High-risk melanoma susceptibility genes and pancreatic cancer, neural system tumors, and uveal melanoma across GenoMEL. Cancer Res 66(20):9818–9828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Begg CB, Orlow I, Hummer AJ et al (2005) Lifetime risk of melanoma in CDKN2A mutation carriers in a population-based sample. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(20):1507–1515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Raimondi S, Sera F, Gandini S et al (2008) MC1R variants, melanoma and red hair color phenotype: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 122(12):2753–2760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium (1999) Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 91(15):1310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bertolotto C, Lesueur F, Giuliano S et al (2011) A SUMOylation-defective MITF germline mutation predisposes to melanoma and renal carcinoma. Nature 480(7375):94–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yokoyama S, Woods SL, Boyle GM et al (2011) A novel recurrent mutation in MITF predisposes to familial and sporadic melanoma. Nature 480(7375):99–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Bartkova J, Lukas J, Guldberg P et al (1996) The p16-cyclin D/Cdk4-pRb pathway as a functional unit frequently altered in melanoma pathogenesis. Cancer Res 56(23):5475–5483

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gillanders E, Juo SH, Holland EA et al (2003) Localization of a novel melanoma susceptibility locus to 1p22. Am J Hum Genet 73(2):301–313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Lancaster HO (1956) Some geographical aspects of the mortality from melanoma in Europeans. Med J Aust 43(26):1082–1087

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Crombie IK (1979) Variation of melanoma incidence with latitude in North America and Europe. Br J Cancer 40(5):774–781

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Bulliard JL, Cox B, Elwood JM (1994) Latitude gradients in melanoma incidence and mortality in the non-Maori population of New Zealand. Cancer Causes Control 5(3):234–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Whiteman DC, Whiteman CA, Green AC (2001) Childhood sun exposure as a risk factor for melanoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Causes Control 12(1):69–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Colantonio S, Bracken MB, Beecker J (2014) The association of indoor tanning and melanoma in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 70(5):847–857.e1–e18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pagoto S, Hillhouse J, Heckman CJ et al (2014) Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) position statement: ban indoor tanning for minors. Transl Behav Med 4(1):124–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fears TR, Guerry D 4th, Pfeiffer RM et al (2006) Identifying individuals at high risk of melanoma: a practical predictor of absolute risk. J Clin Oncol 24(22):3590–3596

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mar V, Wolfe R, Kelly JW (2011) Predicting melanoma risk for the Australian population. Australas J Dermatol 52(2):109–116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Schneider JS, Moore DH 2nd, Mendelsohn ML (2008) Screening program reduced melanoma mortality at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1984 to 1996. J Am Acad Dermatol 58(5):741–749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Katalinic A, Waldmann A, Weinstock MA et al (2012) Does skin cancer screening save lives?: an observational study comparing trends in melanoma mortality in regions with and without screening. Cancer 118(21):5395–5402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Holland EA, Schmidd H, Kefford RF et al (1999) CDKN2A (P16(INK4a)) and CDK4 mutation analysis in 131 Australian melanoma probands: effect of family history and multiple primary melanomas. Genes Chromosome Cancer 25(4):339–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Puig S, Malvehy J, Badenas C et al (2005) Role of the CDKN2A locus in patients with multiple primary melanomas. J Clin Oncol 23(13):3043–3051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mukherjee B, Delancey JO, Raskin L et al (2012) Risk of non-melanoma cancers in first-degree relatives of CDKN2A mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 104(12):953–956

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Lin J, Hocker TL, Singh M, Tsao H (2008) Genetics of melanoma predisposition. Br J Dermatol 159(2):286–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hale EK, Stein J, Ben Porat L et al (2005) Association of melanoma and neurocutaneous melanocytosis with large congenital melanocytic naevi – results from the NYU-LCMN registry. Br J Dermatol 152(3):512–517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bataille V, Winnett A, Sasieni P et al (2004) Exposure to the sun and sunbeds and the risk of cutaneous melanoma in the UK: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer 40(3):429–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Saenz NC, Saenz-Badillos J, Busam K et al (1999) Childhood melanoma survival. Cancer 85(3):750–754

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ferrara G, Gianotti R, Cavicchini S et al (2013) Spitz nevus, Spitz tumor, and spitzoid melanoma: a comprehensive clinicopathologic overview. Dermatol Clin 31(4):589–598, viii

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Zedek D, McCalmont T (2011) Spitz nevi, atypical spitzoid neoplasms, and spitzoid melanoma. Clin Lab Med 31(2):311–320

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ et al (2009) Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol 27(36):6199–6206

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Donizy P, Kaczorowski M, Leskiewicz M et al (2014) Mitotic rate is a more reliable unfavorable prognosticator than ulceration for early cutaneous melanoma: a 5-year survival analysis. Oncol Rep 32(6):2735–2743

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. van der Ploeg AP, van Akkooi AC, Rutkowski P et al (2011) Prognosis in patients with sentinel node-positive melanoma is accurately defined by the combined Rotterdam tumor load and Dewar topography criteria. J Clin Oncol 29(16):2206–2214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Johnson TM, Sondak VK (2004) Melanoma margins: the importance and need for more evidence-based trials. Arch Dermatol 140(9):1148–1150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Thomas JM, Newton-Bishop J, A’Hern R et al (2004) Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma. N Engl J Med 350(8):757–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Heaton KM, Sussman JJ, Gershenwald JE et al (1998) Surgical margins and prognostic factors in patients with thick (>4mm) primary melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 5(4):322–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus development drogram: diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma https://consensus.nih.gov/1992/1992Melanoma088html.htm

  46. Temple CL, Arlette JP (2006) Mohs micrographic surgery in the treatment of lentigo maligna and melanoma. J Surg Oncol 94(4):287–292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Balch CM, Murad TM, Soong SJ et al (1979) Tumor thickness as a guide to surgical management of clinical stage I melanoma patients. Cancer 43(3):883–888

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Balch CM, Soong S, Ross MI et al (2000) Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 7(2):87–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH et al (1992) Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 127(4):392–399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Yamamoto M, Fisher KJ, Wong JY et al (2015) Sentinel lymph node biopsy is indicated for patients with thick clinically lymph node-negative melanoma. Cancer 15;121(10):1628–1636

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF et al (1999) Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 17(3):976–983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ et al (2006) Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 355(13):1307–1317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ et al (2014) Final trial report of sentinel-node biopsy versus nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 370(7):599–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Bleicher RJ, Essner R, Foshag LJ et al (2003) Role of sentinel lymphadenectomy in thin invasive cutaneous melanomas. J Clin Oncol 21(7):1326–1331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lallas A, Kyrgidis A, Ferrara G et al (2014) Atypical Spitz tumours and sentinel lymph node biopsy: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 15(4):e178–e183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. McCormack CJ, Conyers RK, Scolyer RA et al (2014) Atypical Spitzoid neoplasms: a review of potential markers of biological behavior including sentinel node biopsy. Melanoma Res 24(5):437–447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Creagan ET, Dalton RJ, Ahmann DL et al (1995) Randomized, surgical adjuvant clinical trial of recombinant interferon alfa-2a in selected patients with malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 13(11):2776–2783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS et al (1996) Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 14(1):7–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sondak VK et al (2000) High- and low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma: first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J Clin Oncol 18(12):2444–2458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sosman JA et al (2001) High-dose interferon alfa-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB–III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J Clin Oncol 19(9):2370–2380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim J, Lawson DH et al (2001) High-dose interferon alfa-2b does not diminish antibody response to GM2 vaccination in patients with resected melanoma: results of the Multicenter Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial E2696. J Clin Oncol 19(5):1430–1436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Pectasides D, Dafni U, Bafaloukos D et al (2009) Randomized phase III study of 1 month versus 1 year of adjuvant high-dose interferon alfa-2b in patients with resected high-risk melanoma. J Clin Oncol 27(6):939–944

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Chiarion-Sileni V, Guida M, Romanini A et al (2011) Intensified high-dose intravenous interferon alpha 2b (IFNa2b) for adjuvant treatment of stage III melanoma: a randomized phase III Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI) trial [ISRCTN75125874]. J Clin Oncol 29:(suppl; abstr 8506)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Agarwala SS, Lee SJ, Flaherty LE et al (2011) Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interferon alfa-2b (HDI) for 4 weeks induction only in patients with intermediate- and high-risk melanoma (Intergroup trial E 1697). J Clin Oncol 29: (suppl; abstr 8505)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Eggermont AM, Suciu S, MacKie R et al (2005) Post-surgery adjuvant therapy with intermediate doses of interferon alfa 2b versus observation in patients with stage IIb/III melanoma (EORTC 18952): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366(9492):1189–1196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Eggermont AM, Suciu S, Testori A et al (2012) Long-term results of the randomized phase III trial EORTC 18991 of adjuvant therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b versus observation in resected stage III melanoma. J Clin Oncol 30(31):3810–3818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hansson J, Aamdal S, Bastholt L et al (2011) Two different durations of adjuvant therapy with intermediate-dose interferon alfa-2b in patients with high-risk melanoma (Nordic IFN trial): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 12(2):144–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Pehamberger H, Soyer HP, Steiner A et al (1998) Adjuvant interferon alfa-2a treatment in resected primary stage II cutaneous melanoma. Austrian Malignant Melanoma Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 16(4):1425–1429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Grob JJ, Dreno B, de la Salmonière P et al (1998) Randomised trial of interferon alpha-2a as adjuvant therapy in resected primary melanoma thicker than 1.5 mm without clinically detectable node metastases. French Cooperative Group on Melanoma. Lancet 351(9120):1905–1910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cascinelli N, Belli F, MacKie RM et al (2001) Effect of long-term adjuvant therapy with interferon alpha-2a in patients with regional node metastases from cutaneous melanoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 358(9285):866–869

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cameron DA, Cornbleet MC, Mackie RM et al (2001) Adjuvant interferon alpha 2b in high risk melanoma – the Scottish study. Br J Cancer 84(9):1146–1149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Kleeberg UR, Suciu S, Bröcker EB et al (2004) Final results of the EORTC 18871/DKG 80-1 randomised phase III trial. rIFN-alpha2b versus rIFN-gamma versus ISCADOR M versus observation after surgery in melanoma patients with either high-risk primary (thickness >3 mm) or regional lymph node metastasis. Eur J Cancer 40(3):390–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hancock BW, Wheatley K, Harris S et al (2004) Adjuvant interferon in high-risk melanoma: the AIM HIGH Study – United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research randomized study of adjuvant low-dose extended-duration interferon Alfa-2a in high-risk resected malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 22(1):53–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Garbe C, Radny P, Linse R et al (2008) Adjuvant low-dose interferon {alpha}2a with or without dacarbazine compared with surgery alone: a prospective-randomized phase III DeCOG trial in melanoma patients with regional lymph node metastasis. Ann Oncol 19(6):1195–1201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Hauschild A, Weichenthal M, Rass K et al (2010) Efficacy of low-dose interferon {alpha}2a 18 versus 60 months of treatment in patients with primary melanoma of >= 1.5 mm tumor thickness: results of a randomized phase III DeCOG trial. J Clin Oncol 28(5):841–846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lens MB, Dawes M (2002) Interferon alfa therapy for malignant melanoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 20:1818–1825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mocellin S, Lens MB, Pasquali S et al (2013) Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (6):CD008955

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wheatley K, Ives N, Hancock B et al (2003) Does adjuvant interferon-alpha for high-risk melanoma provide a worthwhile benefit? A meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Cancer Treat Rev 29:241–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Mocellin S, Pasquali S, Rossi CR et al (2010) Interferon alpha adjuvant therapy in patients with high-risk melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:493–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Wheatley K, Hancock B, Gore M et al (2007) Interferon-{alpha} as adjuvant therapy for melanoma: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials. J Clin Oncol 25[suppl 18]:Abstract 8526

    Google Scholar 

  81. Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti GV et al (2008) Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol 26(21):3552–3559

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) (2012) Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. Lancet 379(9814):432–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Raghavan D, Bawtinhimer A, Mahoney J et al (2014) Adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer – why does level 1 evidence not support it? Ann Oncol 25(10):1930–1934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Arondekar B, Curkendall S, Monberg M et al (2015) Economic burden associated with adverse events in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 21(2):158–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Payne MJ, Argyropoulou K, Lorigan P et al (2014) Phase II pilot study of intravenous high-dose interferon with or without maintenance treatment in melanoma at high risk of recurrence. J Clin Oncol 32(3):185–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Navid F, Furman WL, Fleming M et al (2005) The feasibility of adjuvant interferon alpha-2b in children with high-risk melanoma. Cancer 103(4):780–787

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Shah NC, Gerstle JT, Stuart M, Winter C, Pappo A (2006) Use of sentinel lymph node biopsy and high-dose interferon in pediatric patients with high-risk melanoma: the Hospital for Sick Children experience. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 28(8):496–500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Chao MM, Schwartz JL, Wechsler DS et al (2005) High-risk surgically resected pediatric melanoma and adjuvant interferon therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44(5):441–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Blanchard T, Srivastava PK, Duan F (2013) Vaccines against advanced melanoma. Clin Dermatol 31(2):179–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kaufman HL, Andtbacka RHI, Collichio FA et al (2014) Primary overall survival (OS) from OPTiM, a randomized phase III trial of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) versus subcutaneous (SC) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for the treatment (tx) of unresected stage IIIB/C and IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol 32:5s, suppl; abstr 9008a

    Google Scholar 

  91. Flaherty LE, Othus M, Atkins MB et al (2014) Southwest Oncology Group S0008: a phase III trial of high-dose interferon Alfa-2b versus cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine, plus interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with high-risk melanoma – an intergroup study of cancer and leukemia Group B, Children’s Oncology Group, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, and Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 32(33):3771–3778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Lian B, Si L, Cui C et al (2013) Phase II randomized trial comparing high-dose IFN-α2b with temozolomide plus cisplatin as systemic adjuvant therapy for resected mucosal melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 19(16):4488–4498

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Henderson MA, Burmeister B, Ainslie J et al (2013) Adjuvant radiotherapy after lymphadenectomy in melanoma patients: Final results of an intergroup randomized trial (ANZMTG 0.1.02/TROG 02.01). J Clin Oncol 31(suppl):abstr 9001

    Google Scholar 

  94. Eggermont AM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob JJ et al (2015) Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16(5):522–530

    Google Scholar 

  95. Atkins MB, Lotze MT, Dutcher JP et al (1999) High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J Clin Oncol 17(7):2105–2116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Davar D, Saul M, Tarhini AA, et al (2013) High-dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) in the treatment of advanced melanoma: The University of Pittsburgh experience. J Clin Oncol 31 (suppl):abstr 9075

    Google Scholar 

  97. Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C et al (2011) Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 364(26):2507–2516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. McArthur GA, Chapman PB, Robert C et al (2014) Safety and efficacy of vemurafenib in BRAF(V600E) and BRAF(V600K) mutation-positive melanoma (BRIM-3): extended follow-up of a phase 3, randomised, open-label study. Lancet Oncol 15(3):323–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Demidov LV et al (2012) Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380(9839):358–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Demidov LV et al (2014) An update on overall survival (OS) and follow-on therapies in BREAK-3, a phase III, randomized trial: dabrafenib (D) vs. dacarbazine (DTIC) in patient (pts) with BRAF V600E mutation-positive metastatic melanoma (MM). Ann Oncol 25(suppl_4):iv374–iv393. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Flaherty KT, Robert C, Hersey P et al (2012) Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med 367(2):107–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Flaherty K, Arenberger P, Ascierto PA et al (2014) NEMO: a phase 3 trial of binimetinib (MEK162) versus dacarbazine in patients with untreated or progressed after first-line immunotherapy unresectable or metastatic NRAS-mutant cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 32:5s, suppl; abstr TPS9102

    Google Scholar 

  103. Long GV, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H et al (2014) Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition versus BRAF inhibition alone in melanoma. N Engl J Med 371(20):1877–1888

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J et al (2015) Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. N Engl J Med 372(1):30–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dréno B et al (2014) Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med 371(20):1867–1876

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Study Comparing Combination of LGX818 Plus MEK162 Versus Vemurafenib and LGX818 Monotherapy in BRAF Mutant Melanoma https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01909453?term=nct01909453

  107. Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF et al (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363(8):711–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. McDermott D, Haanen J, Chen TT et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma patients surviving more than 2 years following treatment in a phase III trial (MDX010-20). Ann Oncol 24(10):2694–2698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I et al (2011) Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 364(26):2517–2526

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Maio M, Grob JJ, Aamdal S et al (2015) Five-year survival rates for treatment-naive patients with advanced melanoma who received ipilimumab plus dacarbazine in a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 33(10):1191–1196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Hamid O, Robert C, Daud A et al (2013) Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med 369(2):134–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV et al (2015) Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. N Engl J Med 372(26):2521–2532

    Google Scholar 

  113. Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR et al (2012) Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med 366(26):2443–2454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Topalian SL, Sznol M, McDermott DF et al (2014) Survival, durable tumor remission, and long-term safety in patients with advanced melanoma receiving nivolumab. J Clin Oncol 32(10):1020–1030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Robert C, Long GV, Brady B et al (2015) Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med 372(4):320–330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Weber JS, D’Angelo SP, Minor D et al (2015) Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma who progressed after anti-CTLA-4 treatment (CheckMate 037): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16(4):375–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK et al (2013) Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 369(2):122–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Postow MA, Chesney J, Pavlick AC et al (2015) Nivolumab and ipilimumab versus ipilimumab in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med 372(21):2006–2017.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Ascierto PA, Schadendorf D, Berking C et al (2013) MEK162 for patients with advanced melanoma harbouring NRAS or Val600 BRAF mutations: a non-randomised, open-label phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 14(3):249–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C et al (2015) Pooled analysis of long-term survival data from phase II and phase III trials of ipilimumab in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 33(17):1889–94

    Google Scholar 

  121. Tarhini AA, Cherian J, Moschos SJ et al (2012) Safety and efficacy of combination immunotherapy with interferon alfa-2b and tremelimumab in patients with stage IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol 30(3):322–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Tumeh PC, Harview CL, Yearley JH et al (2014) PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance. Nature 515(7528):568–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Snyder A, Makarov V, Merghoub T et al (2014) Genetic basis for clinical response to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma. N Engl J Med 371(23):2189–2199

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O’Day S et al (2009) Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res 15(23):7412–7420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Das R, Verma R, Sznol M et al (2015) Combination therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 leads to distinct immunologic changes in vivo. J Immunol 194(3):950–959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Merchant MS, Baird K, Wexler LH, et al (2012) Ipilimumab: first results of a phase I trial in pediatric patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 30(suppl):abstr 9545

    Google Scholar 

  127. Deutsch GB, Kirchoff DD, Faries MB (2015) Metastasectomy for stage IV melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 24(2):279–298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Smith MA, Seibel NL, Altekruse SF et al (2010) Outcomes for children and adolescents with cancer: challenges for the twenty-first century. J Clin Oncol 28(15):2625–2634

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by Award Number P50 CA121973 from the National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John M. Kirkwood MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Davar, D., Bahrami, A., Pappo, A.S., Kirkwood, J.M. (2017). Malignant Melanoma in the Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Population. In: Bleyer, A., Barr, R., Ries, L., Whelan, J., Ferrari, A. (eds) Cancer in Adolescents and Young Adults. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33679-4_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33679-4_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33677-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33679-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics