Skip to main content

Calixsugars: Finally Reaching Their Therapeutic Potential?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Calixarenes and Beyond
  • 2094 Accesses

Abstract

The synthesis and properties of members of the calixarene family functionalised with carbohydrates have been extensively investigated for the past 20 years. These calixsugars show great potential for applications in the fields of medicinal chemistry, drug and gene delivery, through their ability to bind to lectins and to inhibit enzymes. In this chapter, the current therapeutic status of calixsugars for a range of diseases is discussed, including in vivo evaluation. Applications in bacterial infections and cancer are covered, in addition to recent developments in their use as carrier molecules and vectors in gene therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Yousaf, A.; Abd Hamid, S.; Bunnori, N. M., Ishola, A. A. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 2015, 9, 2831–2838.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sun, J.; Blaskovich, M. A.; Jain, R. K.; Delarue, F.; Paris, D.; Brem, S.; Wotoczek-Obadia, M.; Lin, Q.; Coppola, D.; Choi, K.; Mullan, M.; Hamilton, A. D.; Sebti, S. M. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 3586–3592.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Astorgues-Xerri, L.; Riveiro, M. E.; Tijeras-Raballand, A.; Serova, M.; Rabinovich, G. A., Bieche, I.; Vidaud, M.; de Gramont, A.; Martinet, M.; Cvitkovic, E.; Faivre, S.; Raymond, E. Eur. J. Cancer 2014, 50, 2463–2477.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tsou, L. K.; Dutschman, G. E.; Gullen, E. A.; Telpoukhovskaia, M.; Cheng, Y.-C.; Hamilton, A. D. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 2137–2139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Mourer, M.; Massimba Dibama, H.; Fontanay, S.; Grare, M., Duval, R. E.; Finance, C.; Regnouf-de-Vains, J.-B. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 5496–5509; Mourer, M.; Massimba Dibama, H.; Constant, P.; Daffé, M.; Regnouf-de-Vains, J.-B. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2012, 20, 2035–2041.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bagnacani, V.; Sansone, F.; Donofrio, G.; Baldini, L.; Casnati, A.; Ungaro, R. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 3953–3956; Bagnacani, V.; Franceschi, V.; Bassi, M.; Lomazzi, M.; Donofrio, G.; Sansone, F.; Casnati, A.; Ungaro, R. Nature Comm. 2013, 4, 1721; Rodik, R. V.; Klymchenko, A. S.; Jain, N.; Miroshnichenko, S. I.; Richert, L.; Kalchenko, V. I.; Mély, Y. Chem. Eur. J. 2011, 17, 5526–5538.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Consoli, G. M. L.; Granata, G.; Fragassi, G.; Grossi, M.; Sallese, M.; Geraci, C. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015, 13, 3298–3307; Guo, D.-S.; Wang, K.; Wang, Y.-X.; Liu, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 10244–10250.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dondoni, A.; Marra, A. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 4949–4977; Fulton, D. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Bioconjug. Chem. 2001, 12, 655–672; Sansone, F.; Casnati A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 4623–4639.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kiessling, L. L.; Gestwicki, J. E.; Strong, L. E. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2000, 4, 696–703; Lee, Y. C.; Lee, R. T. Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 321–327; Mammen, M.; Choi S.-K., Whitesides, G. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2754–2794.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lundquist, J. J.; Toone, E. J. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 555–578.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gouin, S. G. Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 11616–11628; Compain, P.; Bodlenner, A. ChemBioChem 2014, 15, 1239–1251

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kolb, H. C.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2004–2021; Tornøe, C. W.; Christensen, C.; Meldal, M. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3057–3064.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Büning, H. EMBO Mol Med, 2013, 5, 1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Seow, Y.; Wood, M. J. Mol. Ther. 2009, 17, 767–777; Yin, H.; Kanasty, R. L.; Eltoukhy, A. A.; Vegas, A. J.; Dorkin, J. R.; Anderson, D. G. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2014, 15, 541–555.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hayashida, O.; Mizuki, K.; Akagi, K.; Matsuo, A.; Kanamori, T.; Nakai, T.; Sando, S.; Aoyama, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 594–601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Aoyama, Y. Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10. 588–593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hayashida, O.; Kato, M.; Akagi, K.; Aoyama, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11597–11598.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hayashida, O.; Matso, A.; Aoyama, Y. Chem. Lett. 2001, 272–273.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Aoyama, Y.; Kanamori, T.; Nakai, T.; Sasaki, T.; Horiuchi, S.; Sando, S.; Niidome, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3455–3457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Nakai, T.; Kanamori, T.; Sando, S.; Aoyama, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8465–8475.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Aoyama, Y. Trends Glycosci. Glycotech. 2005, 17, 39–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Yamazakia, N.; Kojima, S.; Bovin, N.V.; André, S.; Gabius, S.; Gabius, H.-J. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 2000, 43, 225–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Boussif, O.; Lezoualch, F.; Zanta, M. A.; Mergny, M. D.; Scherman, D.; Demeneix, B.; Behr, J.-P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92, 7297–7301; Behr, J.-P. Chimia, 1997, 51, 34–36.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Horiuchi, S.; Aoyama, Y. J. Cont. Rel. 2006, 116, 107–114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sansone, F.; Baldini, L.; Casnati, A.; Ungaro, R. Supramol. Chem. 2008, 20, 161–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wittmann, V.; Pieters, R. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 4492–4503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ambrosi, M.; Cameron, N. R.; Davis, B. G. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2005, 3, 1593–1608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Meunier, S. J.; Roy, R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 5469–5472.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hayashida, O.; Shimizu, C.; Fujimoto, T.; Aoyama, Y. Chem. Lett. 1998, 13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hayashida, O.; Nishiyama, K.; Matsuda, Y.; Aoyama, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3407–3410.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sansone, F.; Chierici, E.; Casnati, A.; Ungaro, R. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2003, 1, 1802–1809.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Roy, R.; Kim, J. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 369–372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Consoli, G. M. L.; Cunsolo, F.; Geraci, C.; Mecca, T.; Neri, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 7467–7470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Consoli, G. M. L.; Cunsolo, F.; Geraci, C.; Sgarlata, V. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 4163–4166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yang, J.; Li, M.; Shen, X.; Liu, S. Viruses 2013, 5, 352–373; Air, G. M. Curr. Op. Virology 2014, 7, 128–133.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fujimoto, K.; Hayashida, O.; Aoyama, Y.; Guo, C.-T.; Jwa Hidari, K. I.-P.; Suzuki, Y. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1259–1260

    Google Scholar 

  37. Marra, A.; Moni, L.; Pazzi, D.; Corallini, A.; Bridi, D.; Dondoni, A. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 1396–1409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dalianis, T.; Hirsch, H. H. Virology 2013, 437, 63–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cecioni, S.; Imberty, A.; Vidal, S. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 525–561; Bernardi, A.; Jiménez-Barbero, J.; Casnati, A.; De Castro, C.; Darbre, T.; Fieschi, F.; Finne, J.; Funken, H.; Jaeger, K.-E.; Lahmann, M.; Lindhorst, T. K.; Marradi, M.; Messner, P.; Molinaro, A.; Murphy, P. V.; Nativi, C.; Oscarson, S.; Penadés, S.; Peri, F.; Pieters, R. J.; Renaudet, O.; Reymond, J.-L.; Richichi, B.; Rojo, J.; Sansone, F.; Schäffer, C.; Turnbull, W. B.; Velasco-Torrijos, T.; Vidal, S.; Vincent, S.; Wennekes, T.; Zuilhof, H., Imberty A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 4709–4727; Audfray, A.; Varrot, A.; Imberty, A. Comp. Rend. Chimie 2013, 16, 482–490.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Loris, R.; Tielker, D.; Jaeger, K.-E.; Wyns, L. J. Mol. Biol. 2003, 331, 861–870.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Boukerb, A. M.; Rousset, A.; Galanos, N.; Méar, J.-B.; Thépaut, M.; Grandjean, T.; Gillon, E.; Cecioni, S.; Abderrahmen, C.; Faure, K.; Redelberger, D.; Kipnis, E.; Dessein, R.; Havet, S.; Darblade, B.; Matthews, S. E.; de Bentzmann, S.; Guéry, B.; Cournoyer, B.; A. Imberty, S. Vidal, J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 10275–10289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cecioni, S.; Lalor, R.; Blanchard, B.; Praly, J.-P.; Imberty, A.; Matthews, S. E.; Vidal, S. Chem. Eur. J. 2009, 15, 13232–13240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cecioni, S.; Praly, J.-P.; Matthews, S. E.; Wimmerová, M.; Imberty, A.; Vidal, S. Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 6250–6263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sicard, D.; Cecioni, S.; Iazykov, M.; Chevolot, Y.; Matthews, S. E.; Praly, J.-P.; Souteyrand, E.; Imberty, A.; Vidal, S.; Phaner-Goutorbe, M. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 9483–9485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sicard, D.; Chevolot, Y.; Souteyrand, E.; Imberty, A.; Vidal, S.; Phaner-Goutorbe, M. J. Mol. Recognit. 2013, 26, 694–699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Garber, N.; Guempel, U.; Gilboa-Garber, N.; Doyle, R. J. FEMS Micro. Lett. 1987, 48, 331–334.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cecioni, S.; Faure, S.; Darbost, U.; Bonnamour, I.; Parrot-Lopez, H.; Roy, O.; Taillefumier, C.; Wimmerová, M.; Praly, J.-P.; Imberty, A.; Vidal, S. Chem. Eur. J. 2011, 17, 2146–2159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Soomro, Z. H.; Cecioni, S.; Blanchard, H.; Praly, J.-P.; Imberty, A.; Vidal, S.; Matthews, S. E. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011, 9, 6587–6597.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Strutt, N. L.; Zhang, H.; Schneebeli, S. T.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 2631–2642; Cao, D.; Meier, H. Asian J. Chem. 2014, 3, 244–262; Ogoshi, T.; Yamagishi, T. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 2961–2975.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Buffet, K.; Nierengarten, I.; Galanos, N.; Gillon, E.; Holler, M.; Imberty, A.; Matthews, S. E.; Vidal, S.; Vincent, S. P.; Nierengarten, J.-F. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 2955–2963.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Vincent, S. P.; Buffet, K.; Nierengarten, I.; Imberty. A.; Nierengarten, J.-F. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 88–92.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Moni, L.; Pourceau, G.; Zhang, J.; Meyer, A.; Vidal, S.; Souteyrand, E.; Dondoni, A.; Morvan, F.; Chevolot, Y.; Vasseur, J.-J.; Marra, A. ChemBioChem 2009, 10, 1369–1378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Consoli, G. M. L.; Granata, G.; Cafiso, V.; Stefani, S.; Geraci, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 5831–5834.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nierengarten, I.; Buffet, K.; Holler, M.; Vincent, S. P.; Nierengarten, J.-F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 2398–2402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Parera Pera, N.; Pieters, R. J. Med. Chem. Commun. 2014, 5, 1027–1035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Yu, G.; Ma, Y.; Han, C.; Yao, Y.; Tang, G.; Mao, Z.; Gao, C.; Huang, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 10310–10313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Audfray, A.; Claundinon, J.; Abounit, S.; Ruvoën-Clouet, N.; Larson, G.; Smith, D. F.; Wimmerová, M.; Le Pendu, J.; Römer, W.; Varrot, A.; Imberty, A. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287, 4335–4347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bernardi, A.; Arosio, D.; Manzoni, L.; Monti, D.; Posteri, H.; Potenza, D.; Mari, S.; Jiménez-Barbero, J. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2003, 1, 785–792.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Arosio, D.; Fontanella, M.; Baldini, L.; Mauri, L.; Bernardi, A.; Casnati, A.; Sansone, F.; Ungaro, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 3660–3661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Garcia-Hartjes, J.; Bernardi, S.; Weijers, C. A. G. M.; Wennekes, T.; Gilbert, M.; Sansone, F.; Casnati, A.; Zuilhof, H. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013, 11, 4340–4339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pieters, R. J. ChemBioChem 2006, 7, 721–728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. André, S.; Sansone, F.; Kaltner, H.; Casnati, A.; Kopitz, J.; Gabius, H.-J.; Ungaro, R. ChemBioChem 2008, 9, 1649–1661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. André, S.; Grandjean, C.; Gautier, F.-M.; Bernardi, S.; Sansone, F.; Gabius, H.-J.; Ungaro, R. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 6126–6128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Bernardi, S.; Fezzardi, P.; Rispoli, G.; Sestito, S. E.; Peri, F.; Sansone, F.; Casnati, A. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1672–1680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Cecioni, S.; Matthews, S. E.; Blanchard, H.; Praly, J.-P.; Imberty, A.; Vidal, S. Carbohyd. Res. 2012, 356, 132–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Richichi, B.; Comito, G.; Cerofolini, L.; Gabrielli, G.; Marra, A.; Moni, L.; Pace, A.; Pasquato, L.; Chiarugi, P.; Dondoni, A.; Toma, L.; Nativi, C. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 2756–2763.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Toma, L.; Di Cola, E.; Ienco, A.; Legnani, L.; Lunghi, C.; Moneti, G.; Richichi, B.; Ristori, S.; Dell’Atti, D.; Nativi, C. ChemBioChem 2007, 8, 1646–1649; Arcangeli, A.; Toma, L.; Contiero, L.; Crociani, O.; Legnani, L.; Lunghi, C.; Nesti, E.; Moneti, G.; Richichi, B.; Nativi, C. Bioconj. Chem. 2010, 21, 1432–1438.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Iida, J.; Meijne, A. M. L.; Knutson, J. R.; Furch, L. T.; McCarthy, J. B. Sem. Cancer Biol. 1996, 7, 155–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tomita, N.; Sando, S.; Sera, T.; Aoyama, Y. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 2087–2090.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Křenek, K.; Kuldová, M.; Hulíková, K.; Stibor, I.; Lhoták, P.; Dudič, M.; Budka, J.; Pelantová, H.; Bezouška, K.; Fišerová, A.; Křena, V. Carbohydr. Res. 2007, 342, 1781–1792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Fujimoto, T.; Shimizu, C.; Hayashida, O.; Aoyama, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 601–602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Fujimoto, K.; Miyata, T.; Aoyama, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3558–3559.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Aleandri, S.; Casnati, A.; Fantuzzi, L.; Mancini, G.; Rispoli, G.; Sansone, F. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013, 11, 4811–4817.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Avvakumova, S.; Fezzardi, P.; Pandolfi, L.; Colombo, M.; Sansone, F.; Casnati, A.; Prosperi, D. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 11029–11032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Salvati, A.; Pitek, A. S.; Monopoli, M. P.; Prapainop, K.; Baldelli Bombelli, F.; Hristov, D. R.; Kelly, P. M.; Åberg, C.; Mahon, E.; Dawson, K. A. Nat. Nanotech. 2013, 137–145.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Harrison, J. C.; Eftink, M. R. Biopolymers 1982, 21, 1153–1166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gallego-Yerga, L.; Lomazzi, M.; Sansone, F.; Ortiz Mellet, C.; Casnati, A.; Garcıa Fernandez, J. M. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 7440–7443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Geraci, C.; Consoli, G. M. L.; Galante, E.; Bousquet, E.; Pappalardo, M.; Spadaro, A. Bioconj. Chem. 2008, 19, 751–758.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kim, Y. J.; Varki, A. Glycoconjugate J. 1997, 14, 569576; Peri, F. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 4543–4556; Shiao, T. C.; Roy, R. New. J. Chem. 2012, 36, 324–339.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Giorgi, M. E.; de Lederkremer, R. M. Carbohydr. Res. 2011, 346, 1389–1393; Neres, J.; Brewer, M. L.; Ratier, L.; Botti, H.; Buschiazzo, A.; Edwards, P. N.; Mortenson, P. N.; Charlton, M. H.; Alzari, P. M.; Frasch, A. C.; Bryce, R. A.; Douglas, K. T. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 589–596.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Galante, E.; Geraci, C.; Sciuto, S.; Campo, V. L.; Carvalho, I.; Sesti-Costa, R.; Guedes, P. M. M.; Silva, J. S.; Hill, L.; Nepogodiev, S. A.; Field, R. A. Tetrahedron 2011, 67, 5902–5912.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Viola, S.; Consoli, G. M. L.; Merlo, S.; Drago, F.; Sortino, M. A.; Geraci, C. J. Neurochem. 2008, 107, 1047–1055.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Viola, S.; Merlo, S.; Consoli, G. M. L.; Drago, F.; Geraci, C.; Sortino, M. A. Pharmacology 2010, 86, 182–188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Micali, N.; Villari, V.; Consoli, G. M. L.; Cunsolo, F.; Geraci, C. Phys. Rev. E 2006, 73, 051904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Cardona, F.; Isoldi, G.; Sansone, F.; Casnati, A.; Goti, A. J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 6980–6988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Marradi, M.; Cicchi, S.; Sansone, F.; Casnati, A.; Goti, A. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 951–957.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Brissonnet, Y.; Ortiz Mellet, C.; Morandat, S.; Garcia Moreno, M. I.; Deniaud, D.; Matthews, S. E.; Vidal, S.; Šesták, S.; El Kirat, K.; Gouin, S. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 18427–18435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Marra, A.; Zelli, R.; D’Orazio, G.; La Ferla, B.; Dondoni, A. Tetrahedron 2014, 70, 9387–9393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Horne, G.; Wilson, F. X.; Tinsley, J.; Williams, D. H.; Storer, R. Drug Discovery Today 2011, 16, 107–118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Nash, R. J.; Kato, A.; Yu, C.-Y.; Fleet, G. W. J. Future Med. Chem. 2011, 3, 1513–1521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ficicioglu, C. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2008, 4, 425–431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan E. Matthews .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matthews, S.E. (2016). Calixsugars: Finally Reaching Their Therapeutic Potential?. In: Neri, P., Sessler, J., Wang, MX. (eds) Calixarenes and Beyond. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31867-7_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics