Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Empathy in Health Professions Education and Patient Care pp 57–68Cite as

Measurement of Empathy in the General Population

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 4180 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1962). Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change. Psychological Monographs, 76, 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1986). The relationship inventory now: Issues and advances in theory, method and use. In L. S. Greenberg & W. M. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook (pp. 439–476). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. A. (1995). “Methodological notes on empathy”: Further considerations. Advances in Nursing Science, 18, 36–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beutler, L. E., Johnson, D. T., Neville, C. W., & Workman, S. N. (1973). Some sources of variance in “Accurate Empathy” ratings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 167–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blass, C. D., & Hech, E. J. (1975). Accuracy of accurate empathy ratings. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 243–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohart, A. C., Elliot, R., Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. C. (2002). Empathy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 89–108). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carkhuff, R. (1969). Helping and human relations: Selection and training (Vol. 1). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 5497–5502. doi:10.1073/pnas.0935845100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chinsky, J. M., & Rappaport, J. (1970). Brief critique of the meaning and reliability of “Accurate Empathy” ratings. Psychological Bulletin, 73, 379–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chlopan, B. E., McCain, M. L., Carbonell, J. L., & Hagen, R. L. (1985). Empathy: Review of available measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 635–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cliffordson, C. (2002). The hierarchical structure of empathy: Dimensional organization and elations to social functioning. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 49–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, D. G., & Sharpley, C. F. (1982). Measurement of empathy with the Hogan Empathy Scale. Psychological Reports, 50, 62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Orazio, D. M. (2004). Letter to the editor. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16, 173–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H., & Franzoi, S. L. (1991). Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 70–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience Review, 3, 71–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dillard, J. P., & Hunter, J. E. (1989). On the use and interpretation of the Emotional Empathy Scale, the Self-Consciousness Scale, and the Self-Monitoring Scale. Communication Research, 16, 104–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, R. W. (1997). The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 131–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, R. F. (1949). A scale for the measurement of empathic ability. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, 127–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, R. F. (1950). Personality and empathy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14, 343–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N. (1989). Empathy and related emotional responses (Vol. 44). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100–131. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg-Berg, N., & Lennon, R. (1980). Altruism and the assessment of empathy in the preschool years. Child Development, 51, 552–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feshbach, N. D., & Roe, K. (1968). Empathy in six and seven year olds. Child Development, 39, 133–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gladstein, G. A., and associates. (1987). Empathy and counseling: Explorations in theory and research. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A. P., & Michaels, G. Y. (1985). Empathy: Development, training, and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greif, E. B., & Hogan, R. (1973). The theory and measurement of empathy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20, 280–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemmerdinger, H. M., Stoddart, A. D. R., & Lilford, R. J. (2007). A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Medical Education, 7, 24. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-7-24. Retrieved from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/7/24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1982). The measurement of empathy. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Measuring emotions in infants and children (pp. 279–296). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarski, R. W., Gjerde, C. L., Bratton, B. D., Brown, D. D., & Matthes, S. S. (1985). A comparison of four empathy instruments in simulated patient-medical student interactions. Journal of Medical Education, 60, 545–551.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. A., Cheek, J. M., & Smither, R. (1983). The structure of empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1299–1312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, W. A. (1947). The empathy test: Form A. Chicago: Psychometric Affiliates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, R. F., & Speroff, B. J. (1954). Validation and evaluation of the Empathy Test. Journal of General Psychology, 50, 269–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaMonica, E. L. (1981). Construct validity of an empathy instrument. Research in Nursing & Health, 4, 389–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, E. J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-Cohen, S., & David, A. S. (2004). Measuring empathy: Reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient. Psychological Medicine, 34, 911–924.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Layton, J. M. (1979). The use of modeling to teach empathy to nursing students. Research in Nursing & Health, 2, 163–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layton, J. M., & Wykle, M. H. (1990). A validity study of four empathy instruments. Research in Nursing & Health, 13, 319–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, L. E., & Hoffman, M. L. (1975). Empathy and cooperation in 4-year olds. Developmental Psychology, 4, 533–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litvack-Miller, W., McDougall, D., & Romney, D. M. (1997). The structure of empathy during middle childhood and its relationship to prosocial behavior. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 123, 303–324.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, G. B., & Clark, R. D. (1982). Distress crying in neonates: Species and peer specificity. Developmental Psychology, 18, 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A. (1996). The Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES). Unpublished document. Information Retrieved from: www.kaaj.com/psych/scales/emp.html.

  • Mehrabian, A. (1997). Relations among personality scales of aggression, violence, and empathy: Validational evidence bearing on the Risk of Eruptive Violence Scale. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 433–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. A. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525–543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A., Young, A. L., & Sato, S. (1988). Emotional empathy and associated individual differences. Current Psychology: Research & Reviews, 7, 221–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, S. W., Maxwell, M., Heaney, D., & Watt, G. C. M. (2004). The consultation and rational empathy (CARE) measure: Development and preliminary validation and reliability of an empathy-based consultation process measure. Family Practice, 21, 699–705. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmh621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, S. W., McConnachie, A., Maxwell, M., Heaney, D., & Watt, G. C. (2005). Relevance and practical use of the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) measure in general practice. Family Practice, 22, 328–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, S. (1968). Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority. Human Relations, 6, 259–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, K. V. (1977). A study of empathy in young Greek and U.S. children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 8, 493–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagi, A., & Hoffman, M. L. (1976). Empathic distress in newborns. Developmental Psychology, 12, 175–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simner, M. L. (1971). Newborn response to the cry of another infant. Developmental Psychology, 5, 136–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spreng, R.N., McKinnon, M.C., Mar, R.A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analyticsolution to multiple empathy measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62-71. doi:10.1080/00223890802484381 Stotland, E. (1978). Fantasy-empathy research: An integration. In E. Stotland, K. E. Matthews Jr., S. E. Sherman, R. O. Hansson, & B. Z. Richardson (Eds.), Empathy, fantasy, and helping (pp. 103–122). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stotland, E., Mathews, K. E., Jr., Sherman, S. E., Hansson, R. O., & Richardson, B. Z. (1978). Empathy, fantasy and helping (Vol. 65). Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truax, C. B., & Carkhuff, R. (1967). Towards effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J. P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655–664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. A. (1989). Empathy and burnout in male and female helping professionals. Research in Nursing & Health, 12, 169–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yarnold, P. R., Bryant, F. B., Nightingale, S. D., & Martin, G. J. (1996). Assessing physician empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index: A measurement model and cross-sectional analysis. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1, 207–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J., & Kirk, M. (2009). Evaluation of empathy measurement tools in nursing: Systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65, 1790–1806. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05071.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Q., Valiente, C., & Eisenberg, N. (2003). Empathy and its measurement. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 269–284). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Mohammadreza Hojat

Authors
  1. Mohammadreza Hojat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hojat, M. (2016). Measurement of Empathy in the General Population. In: Empathy in Health Professions Education and Patient Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27625-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation