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Genetic Technology and Food Security: Country Report: The Macau S.A.R. (China)

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Book cover Genetic Technology and Food Safety

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 14))

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Abstract

Macau is a small territory located on the Western Side of the Pearl River Delta near the South China Sea. In terms of its present status, it is a special administrative region of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) established in line with the so-called “one country, two systems” principle laid down in the PRC Constitution. The scope of the Macau Special Administrative Region’s (Macau SAR) political and regulatory powers is regulated in the Macau Basic Law (MBL), which grants the Macau SAR a wide range of political and economic rights. These rights also establish the Macau SAR as a local and global actor, with, on the one hand, a wide field of regulatory autonomy in domestic affairs, and also in international affairs, for instance, as a member of various international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the other. The present report presents a brief overview of the legal regime governing the issue of genetic technology and food security in the Special Administrative Region of Macau.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Art. 31 Constitution of the PRC, adopted in 1982 and amended the last time in 2004, which reads as follows: “The State may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People’s Congress in the light of specific conditions”; Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress and promulgated for implementation by the Announcement of the National People’s Congress on December 4, 1982, available on Westlaw China.

  2. 2.

    Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (MBL), adopted by the Eighth National People’s Congress at its First Session on 31 March 1993, available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/leibasica/index_uk.asp

  3. 3.

    Joint Declaration of the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on the Question of Macao (Beijing, 26 March 1987), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/

  4. 4.

    Compare Art. 1 and 136 MBL, supra note 2.

  5. 5.

    See also Macau world’s gaming capital, The Australian, (3 January 2013) at 16.

  6. 6.

    Government of Macao Special Administrative Region, Statistics and Census Service, available at http://www.dsec.gov.mo/Home.aspx?lang=en-US

  7. 7.

    See, e.g., Michelin Guide, Hong Kong – Macau 2013, 5th ed. (Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin Travel & Lifestyle, 2013) at 403–408, listing inter alia for Macau one three-starred, four two-starred and 2 one-starred restaurants, as well as eight “bib gourmand” restaurants which indicate inspectors’ favourites for good value.

  8. 8.

    Macau Government Tourist Office, “Dining in Macau”, available at http://www.macautourism.gov.mo/en/discovering/dining.php

  9. 9.

    Government of Macau Special Administrative Region Statistics and Census Service (DSEC), Macau Yearbook of Statistics 2011 (Macau: DSEC, 2012) at 102, available at: www.dsec.gov.mo

  10. 10.

    WTO Trade Policy Review Body, Trade Policy Review: Macao, China (Report by the Secretariat), WT/TPR/S/281 (25 March 2013) at 6.

  11. 11.

    Macau Yearbook of Statistics 2011, supra note 9.

  12. 12.

    Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China (FSL) (中华人民共和国食品安全法) promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on February 28, 2009; available on Westlaw China; see also Bian Yongmin, The Challenges for Food Safety in China, 53 China Perspectives 1 (2004).

  13. 13.

    Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res. 217(III), UN GAOR, 3d Sess., Supp. No. 13, UN Doc. A/810 (1948) [Italics added].

  14. 14.

    Art. 11 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESC), adopted on December 16, 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (1966) (entry into force: January 3, 1976).

  15. 15.

    Christine Boisrobert, et al. (eds), Ensuring Global Food Safety: Exploring Global Harmonization (London: Academic Press, 2010) at ix.

  16. 16.

    World Food Summit, Nov. 13–17, 1996, Rome Declaration on World Food Security, U.N. Doc. A/52/132, E/1997/57 (May 5, 1997), available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm

  17. 17.

    General Assembly, United Nations Millennium Declaration, UN GA Res A/RES/55/2 (September 18, 2000) [hereinafter MDGs]; available at http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf

  18. 18.

    Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WECD), Our Common Future, transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment, available at http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm, defining sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

  19. 19.

    See, e.g,. Edith Brown Weiss, In Fairness to Future Generations: International Law, Common Patrimony and Intergenerational Equity (Tokyo: The United Nations University, 1989) at 95 (“Principles of equity between generations lead to a set of planetary, or intergenerational, rights and obligations, with associated international duties of use. Planetary rights [and obligations] are the rights [and obligations] which each generation has to receive [and to pass on] the planet in no worse condition than that of the previous generation, to inherit comparable diversity in the natural and cultural resource bases, and to have equitable access to the use and benefits of the legacy”).

  20. 20.

    See, e.g., Stefania Negri, Food Safety and Global Health: An International Law Perspective, 3 Global Health Governance 1 (2009), available at http://www.ghgj.org, George Kent, Freedom from Want: The Human Right to Adequate Food (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2005), Kerstin Mechlem, “Food Security and the Right to Food in the Discourse of the United Nations”, (2004) 10 European Law Journal 631; and Jean Ziegler, Christophe Golay, Claire Mahon & Sally-Anne Way, The Fight for the Right to Food: Lessons Learned (Geneva: Graduate Institute, 2011).

  21. 21.

    Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 12, E/C.12/1999/5 (May 12, 1999), at para. 8.

  22. 22.

    On regulatory issues related to nanotechnology, see generally Iris Eisenberger, et al., Nano Regulation in the European Union, (2010) 17 Nanotrust Dossier 1; available at http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/ita/nanotrust-dossiers/dossier017en.pdf

  23. 23.

    See also Manashi Bagchi et al., Bio-Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Food, Biomedical and Health Sciences (Hui: Food Science and Technology, 2013).

  24. 24.

    See, e.g., Jorge Niosi & Susan E. Reid, “Biotechnology and Nanotechnology: Science-based Enabling Technologies as Windows of Opportunity for LDCs?”, (2007) 35 World Development 426; Gary E. Marchant & Douglas J. Sylvester, “Transnational Models for Regulation of Nanotechnology”, (2006) 34 The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 714; and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Small Sizes that Matter: Opportunities and Risks of Nanotechnologies (Paris: OECD, 2005).

  25. 25.

    See the Macau Food Safety Law (MFSL) [食品安全法(第5/2013 號法律) or Lei de segurança alimentar (Law No. 5/2013)], Official Bulletin No. 17/2013, Series I, pp. 259–69 (April 22, 2013), available at http://www.al.gov.mo/lei/leis/2013/2013-05/po.htm available at http://www.al.gov.mo/lei/leis/2013/2013-05/po.htm; see also the corrections to the law (“Declaração de rectificação”) concerning Articles 8 and 28 MFSL, Official Bulletin No. 24, Series I, p. 514 (June 10, 2013), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2013/24/rectif01.asp

  26. 26.

    Art. 1 MFSL, supra note 25 [translation by author].

  27. 27.

    Art. 2 MFSL, supra note 25.

  28. 28.

    Compare Art. 3 (1) MFSL, supra note 25.

  29. 29.

    Codex Alimentarius Commission, Procedural Manual (20th ed. 2011), available at http://www.codexalimentarius.org/roster/detail/en/c/80349/

  30. 30.

    Compare Art. 3 (5) MFSL, supra note 25.

  31. 31.

    Policy Addresses for the Fiscal Year 2006 and 2009 of the Macao Special Administrative Region (MSAR) of the People’s Republic of China (2006) at 15 and at 4, available at http://portal.gov.mo/web/guest/govinfo/policy-address

  32. 32.

    See the “Nota Justificativa” (Background Note) for the proposal of the Food Safety Law in the Legislative Assembly of the MSAR at 1, available at http://www.al.gov.mo/lei/leis/2013/2013-05/po.htm

  33. 33.

    Compare Art. 1 and 136 MBL, supra note 2.

  34. 34.

    For a list of convention to which the Macau SAR is a signatory, see also the MSAR Law Reform and International Law Bureau, List of Conventions, available at http://www.dsrjdi.ccrj.gov.mo/en/tratadospt.asp

  35. 35.

    Art. 11 (1) ICESC, supra note 14.

  36. 36.

    World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Committee, Countries and Areas; available at http://www.wpro.who.int/countries/en/

  37. 37.

    Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), reprinted in 33 ILM 1144.

  38. 38.

    See Article 110 MBL, supra note 2; see also Trade Policy Review Body, Trade Policy Review: Macau, China (Report by the Secretariat), WT/TPR/S/281 (March 25, 2013) at 7.

  39. 39.

    WTO Homepage, List of all RTAs”, available at http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=56; the Mainland and Macao Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA), available at http://www.cepa.gov.mo/cepaweb/front/eng/itemI_2.htm

  40. 40.

    Id.

  41. 41.

    The Agreement for Trade and Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and Macao, OJ L404/27 (December 31, 1992).

  42. 42.

    See, e.g., European Commission, Joint Report to the European Parliament and the Council, Macao Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2011, JOIN(2012) 10 final (May 3, 2012).

  43. 43.

    Rostam J. Neuwirth, “Governing ‘Glocalisation’: A View from the Macau Special Administrative Region of China”, (2011) 3 City University of Hong Kong Law Review 89.

  44. 44.

    Compare Art. 24 in connection with Art. 43 MBL, supra note 2.

  45. 45.

    Art. 34 MBL, supra note 2; see also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 12, para. 4, E/C.12/1999/5 (May 12, 1999), affirming that “the right to adequate food is indivisibly linked to the inherent dignity of the human person and is indispensable for the fulfillment of other human rights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights”; available at http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/2741040.58742523.html

  46. 46.

    Art. 39 MBL, supra note 2.

  47. 47.

    Art. 40 MBL, supra note 2.

  48. 48.

    See the “Nota Justificativa” (Background Note), supra note 32, at 1, available at http://www.al.gov.mo/lei/leis/2013/2013-05/po.htm

  49. 49.

    See Tong Ka Io & Sio Hao Leng, “Experiências de emergência e recomendações sobre segurança alimentar em Macau”, (2010) 22 Administracão 455 at 458–9, available at http://www.safp.gov.mo/safppt/download/WCM_004620

  50. 50.

    See the Policy Address for the Fiscal Year 2010 of the Macao Special Administrative Region (MSAR) of the People’s Republic of China (2010) at 10, available at http://portal.gov.mo/web/guest/govinfo/policy-address

  51. 51.

    Id.

  52. 52.

    For an overview of the laws and regulations amending the cited laws, see the “Legal Regime Concerning Offenses against Public Health and the Economy”; available at http://pt.io.gov.mo/Legis/record/121810.aspx

  53. 53.

    Administrative Regulation No. 13/2013 on the Maximum Limits of veterinary medical residues in foodstuff (“Limites máximos de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários nos alimentos”), published in the Official Bulletin No. 24/2013, Series I, pp. 510–11 (June 10, 2013), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2013/24/regadm13.asp

  54. 54.

    See MFSL, supra note 25.

  55. 55.

    Dispatch of the Chief Executive (Despacho do Chefe do Executivo) No. 556/2009, Official Bulletin No. 2/2010, Series I, pp. 6–33 (January 11, 2010), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2010/02/despce.asp#556

  56. 56.

    Law No. 6/96/M (July 15, 1996) on the legal regime governing violations against public health and the economy [Lei n.° 6/96/M – Aprova o regime jurídico das infracções contra a saúde pública e contra a economia], (1996) 29 Official Bulletin 1227 (15 July 1996), which amended the Decree Law (Decreto-Lei) No. 50/92/M) (August 17, 1992) on the labelling of food; available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/96/29/lei06.asp

  57. 57.

    Administrative Regulation (Regulamento Administrativo) No. 40/2004 on sanitary and phytosanitary control, Official Bulletin No. 51/20004, Series I, pp. 2194–2201 (December 22, 2004), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2004/51/regadm40.asp

  58. 58.

    Decree Law (Decreto-Lei) No. 50/92/M, Official Bulletin No. 33/1992, Series I, p. 3404 (August 17, 1992), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/92/33/declei50.asp

  59. 59.

    See the “Nota Justificativa” (Background Note), supra note 32, at 1.

  60. 60.

    See Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Notification by Macao, China, G/SPS/N/MAC/11 (3 June 2013).

  61. 61.

    Art. 3 (2) MFSL, supra note 25.

  62. 62.

    See Dispatch of the Chief Executive (Despacho do Chefe do Executivo) No. 556/2009, Official Bulletin No. 2/2010, Series I, pp. 6–33 (January 11, 2010), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2010/02/despce.asp#556

  63. 63.

    Law No. 6/96/M, supra note 56.

  64. 64.

    See Art. 20 (1) Law No. 6/96/M, supra note 56.

  65. 65.

    Art. 269 Macau Penal Code, approved by Decree Law No. 58/95/M on November 14, 1995 and amended by Laws No. 6/2001, 3/2006, 6/2008, 11/2009 and 17/2009; available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/95/46/codpenpt/indice_art.asp

  66. 66.

    See Administrative Regulation No. 13/2013 on the Maximum Limits of veterinary medical residues in foodstuff (“Limites máximos de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários nos alimentos”), supra note 53.

  67. 67.

    See Tong Ka Io & Sio Hao Leng, supra note 49, at 458–9.

  68. 68.

    See the Policy Address for the Fiscal Year 2010 of the Macao Special Administrative Region (Macau SAR) of the People’s Republic of China (2010) at 10, available at http://portal.gov.mo/web/guest/govinfo/policy-address

  69. 69.

    See the “Nota Justificativa” (Background Note), supra note 48, at 1.

  70. 70.

    See also the IACM Webpage, available at http://www.iacm.gov.mo/e/default/

  71. 71.

    Note that the Administrative Regulation (Regulamento Administrativo) No. 40/2004 on sanitary and phytosanitary control, Official Bulletin No. 51/20004, Series I, pp. 2194–2201 (December 22, 2004), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2004/51/regadm40.asp) regulates SPS-related matters in Macao SAR and that the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau of Macao (IACM) is responsible for formulating and implementing SPS regulations and measures, which is also the SPS enquiry point for the WTO; see WTO, Trade Policy Review: Report by the Secretariat: Macao, China, WT/TPR/S/281 (March 25, 2013) at 3.45.

  72. 72.

    Art. 6 MFSL, supra note 2.

  73. 73.

    Decree Law (Decreto-Lei) No. 50/92/M (establishing the conditions to be complied with for the labeling of foodstuffs ready to be supplied to the final consumer), Official Bulletin No. 33/1992, Series I, p. 3404 (August 17, 1992) (amended by the Decree Law No. 56/94/M in 1994 and by the Administrative Regulation No. 7/2004 in 2004), available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/92/33/declei50.asp

  74. 74.

    The Consumer Protection Law Law No. 12/88/M of June 13, 1988 (“Defesa do consumidor”); available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/24/lei12.asp. See also Article 1 (2) Administrative Regulation (Regulamento Administrativo) No. 17/2008 on the General Product Safety Regime; available at http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2008/27/regadm17.asp, which was decreed by the Chief Executive to further concretize the general product safety regime but which explicitly exempts food from its regulatory scope.

  75. 75.

    For a further clarification of the meaning and scope of these rights, see Articles 7–11 MCPL.

  76. 76.

    See Law No. 4/95/M – Restructuring the Consumer Protection Council (Lei n.° 4/95/M – Reestrutura o Conselho de Consumidores), which revoked Articles 12 and 25 of the Law No. 12/88/M; available at: http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/95/24/lei04.asp. Please note that some provisions of Law No. 4/95/M have been amended again by Law No. 1/98/M (Lei n.° 1/98/M – Altera a Lei n.° 4/95/M, de 12 de Junho. (Reestrutura o Conselho de Consumidores), available at: http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/98/22/lei01.asp)

  77. 77.

    Article 2 of the Law No. 4/95/M, ibid.

  78. 78.

    Law No. 7/2003 – Macau Foreign Trade Law (MFTL) (Lei n.° 7/2003 – Lei do Comércio Externo), (2003) 25 Official Bulletin 613–630 (23 June 2003), available at: http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2003/25/lei07.asp

  79. 79.

    Article 5 (1) MFTL; ibid.

  80. 80.

    Article 1 (2) Law No. 6/96/M, supra note 56.

  81. 81.

    See João Matos Viana & Mariana Soares David, “Food Related Crimes”, (2007) Criminal Law and Criminal Reform 5, available at: http://www.lexmundi.com/images/lexmundi/PDF/Member_News/MoraisLeitao_SpecialEdition2007Newsletter.pdf

  82. 82.

    Macau Civil Code (MCC) [Código Civil], approved by Decree-Law no. 39/99/M, of August 3, 1999, available at: http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/31/codcivpt/

  83. 83.

    See Tong Io Cheng, “Macau Contract Law”, in Jacques H. Herbot (ed), International Encylclopaedia of Laws, vol. 9 (Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2009) 216.

  84. 84.

    Translation by Jorge A.F. Godinho, “The Macau Civil Code – An Partial English Translation”, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1280595

  85. 85.

    See Tong Io Cheng, supra note 83.

  86. 86.

    Decree-Law No. 28/91/M Establishing the non-contractual civil liability regime of the Administration of the Territory [i.e. Macau SAR], collective public persons, its staff and agents for acts of public management [Decreto-Lei n.° 28/91/M – Estabelece o regime da responsabilidade civil extracontratual da Administração do Território, pessoas colectivas públicas, seus titulares e agentes por actos de gestão pública], (1991) 16 Official Bulletin 1994, available at: http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/91/16/declei28.asp

  87. 87.

    Translation by Jorge A.F. Godinho, “The Macau Civil Code – An Partial English Translation”, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1280595

  88. 88.

    See Law No. 6/96/M, supra note 56.

  89. 89.

    Commercial Code of Macau (MCC) [Decreto-Lei n.° 40/99/M – Aprova o Código Comercial], Official Bulletin No. 31/1999, Series I, p. 2366 (August 3, 1999), available at: http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/31/codcompt/. Please note that an unofficial English version of the MCC is available at: http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/31/codcomen/

  90. 90.

    Ibid.

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  1. Faculty of Law, University of Macau, Macau, China

    Rostam J. Neuwirth

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    Roland Norer

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Neuwirth, R.J. (2016). Genetic Technology and Food Security: Country Report: The Macau S.A.R. (China). In: Norer, R. (eds) Genetic Technology and Food Safety. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23995-8_13

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