Native Forests Claim for Breeding in Argentina: General Concepts and Their State

Abstract

Genetic studies of forest tree species begun in Argentina with poplars, pines, and eucalypts in the 1950s with the analysis of productive traits, and native species were considered only since 1980s. In this introductory chapter, the main forest ecoregions of Argentina are described: Alto Paraná rainforest, Yungas rainforest, Chaco subtropical dry forest, sub-Antarctic temperate forest, Espinal xerophytic forest, Monte xerophytic scrubland, and Paraná riverside wetland forest. The state of the forests in Argentina is presented together with the main causes of degradation and deforestation. Official trade statistics for timber and non-timber products of native tree species reveal the economic relevance of the natural forest exploitation: main harvested species are presented. Initiatives for forest protection are discussed: National Law N° 26.331, other regulations promoting the afforestation with native species, and the National Restoration Program. The role of the National Institute of Seeds is considered, and the registered propagation materials of Argentine native species are listed. The certification of the sustainable use of native forests is a social safeguard: national standards (CERFOAR) and international standards applied in Argentina (FSC). International commitments of Argentina for the native forest play currently a determinant role: accession to the UNFCCC, COP21, UN REDD Program, Montréal Process, and Convention on Biological Diversity. Meaning of domestication and low-intensity breeding of native forest tree species are discussed, and the main elements of the breeding chain of a low-intensity improvement program are presented. Finally, the aim and scope of the present contribution are made explicit.