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Cancer Nanomedicine: Special Focus on Cancer Immunotherapy

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Cancer Immunology

Abstract

Cancer poses a major threat to people’s health around the world, and its treatment has remained as an extremely challenging issue. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy had been used as the first-line treatment for many years. However, due to several problems, such as lack of efficacy and different side effects and high recurrence rate and metastasis, more specific approaches are still needed. During recent decades, several therapeutic options have been suggested as the alternative medicine instead of conventional cancer treatments. Among them, cancer immunotherapy is one of the most studied strategies which holds promises for personalized cancer medicine. With the emergence of nanomedicine and its combination with the novel treatment plans, efficacy and safety have been significantly improved. Nanotechnology-based immunotherapy not only enhanced the therapeutic effects of traditional immunotherapy (e.g., enhancing the effectiveness of cancer vaccines) but also broke down some of cancer’s barrier against treatment. These nanomaterials are capable of delivering immunomodulatory agents directly to the tumor microenvironment or cancer vaccines to antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, nanoparticles have become popular tools for early diagnosis of cancer. Thanks to advancing in this technology, cancer could be diagnosed much more quickly and more efficiently than conventional methods.

Taken together, this new emerging science in medicine is changing the way we look at cancer and has opened up new opportunities for personalized cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this chapter, we attempted to cover all the recent knowledge about nanotech application in improving cancer diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring.

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Abbreviations

ABC:

ATP-binding cassette

ABCG2:

ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2

AIF:

Apoptosis-inducing factor

ALDH:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

AML:

Acute myeloid leukemia

AnxA2:

Annexin A2

Ape1:

Apurinic endonuclease 1

Bcl-2:

B-Cell lymphoma-2

BCL2L14:

Bcl-2-like protein 14

BCL-XL:

B-Cell lymphoma-extra large

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CAFs:

Cancer-associated fibroblasts

CASP2:

Caspase-2

CD90:

Cluster of Differentiation 90

CDK6:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 6

CI:

Combination index

CMIIT:

Center for Molecular Imaging Innovation and Translation

CNTs:

Carbon nanotube

CP:

Coordination polymer

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

CSCs:

Cancer stem cells

CT:

Computed tomography

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

DAMPs:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

DCE-MRI:

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

DCs:

Dendritic cells

DiMI:

Diagnostics in Molecular Imaging

DWI-MRI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging–magnetic resonance imaging

EMIL:

European Molecular Imaging Laboratories

EP:

Ependymoma

EpCAM:

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule

EPNs:

Enoxaparin sodium–PLGA hybrid nanoparticles

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

Fe-bLf:

Iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin

gal-C-Dextran:

Galactosylated cationic dextran

GMP:

Gemcitabine monophosphate

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

HNSCC:

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL2:

Interleukin-2

LNA-Aps:

Locked nucleic acid aptamers

LNPs:

Lipid nanoparticles

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MB:

Medulloblastoma

MBA:

Methylenebisacrylamide

MCL1:

Myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1

MCM:

Mobil crystalline materials

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MRSI:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

MTC:

Medullary thyroid cancer

NanoHH1:

Nanoparticle-encapsulated hedgehog pathway inhibitor HPI-1

Nanolipogels:

Nanoscale liposomal polymeric gels

NCPs:

Nanoscale coordination polymers

NCs:

Nanocarriers/nanocapsules

NIR:

Near-infrared

NK:

Natural killer

Nm:

Nanometers

NPC:

Nasopharyngeal cancer

NSCLC:

Non-small-cell lung cancer

ODN:

Oligodeoxynucleotide

OV:

Oncolytic virus

PAMAM:

Poly(amido amine)

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PEI:

Polyethyleneimine

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PHA:

PEG-histidine-modified alginate

PLGA-PEG:

Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)–polyethylene glycol

PLK1:

Polo-like kinase 1

PTCL:

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas

REV3:

Reversionless 3

REV3L:

REV3-like

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen

ROS:

Reactive oxygen

SBA-15:

Santa Barbara Amorphous type material

shRNA:

Short hairpin RNA

SODs:

Superoxide dismutases

SP:

Side population

SPECT:

Single-photon emission computed tomography

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

TAA:

Tumor-associated antigen

TAMs:

Tumor-associated macrophages

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-beta

Th:

T-Helper

THBS1:

Thrombospondin 1

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TLS:

Translesion DNA synthesis

Tregs:

Regulatory T-cells

XIAP:

X-Linked inhibitor of apoptosis

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Soheil Tavakolpour

  2. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Soheil Tavakolpour

  3. Department of Medical Genetics, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Fatemeh Karami

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  1. Soheil Tavakolpour
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  2. Fatemeh Karami
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Correspondence to Fatemeh Karami .

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  1. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

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Tavakolpour, S., Karami, F. (2021). Cancer Nanomedicine: Special Focus on Cancer Immunotherapy. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Cancer Immunology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50287-4_26

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