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Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and Processes pp 329–368Cite as

Diversification in Ancient and Nutrient-Poor Neotropical Ecosystems: How Geological and Climatic Buffering Shaped Plant Diversity in Some of the World’s Neglected Hotspots

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Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

Abstract

South America harbors the highest plant diversity on Earth. The causes of such exceptionally high diversity remain poorly understood, despite great attention devoted to the ecology and evolution of biota in productive and geologically recent ecosystems such as the Amazon forest and the Andes. Evidence suggests ancient and extremely nutrient-poor landscapes are major centers of plant diversity and endemism, and acted as interglacial refugia, but singularities of their evolutionary history have been overlooked. Here, we examine to what extent Ocbil theory (old, climatically-buffered, infertile landscapes) may prove useful in explaining diversification patterns in some of the most diverse Neotropical ecosystems. We propose a theoretical framework that encompasses a mechanistic explanation for the predictions of Ocbil theory, and links ecological and evolutionary processes to vegetation patterns and functional traits. We review diversification patterns and population genetics in campos rupestres vegetation in light of Ocbil theory. We propose areas of future research that will accelerate and improve our understanding on the ecology and evolution of Neotropical biota on ancient, nutrient-poor vegetation. This knowledge is expected to shed light on the complex history of Neotropical plant diversification and, ultimately, provide tools for their sustainable use and conservation.

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Acknowledgements

FAOS thanks financial support from FAPEMIG and CNPq and support from Luiza C. Martins. RLCD received a scholarship from CAPES and a Scholarship for International Research Fees at UWA. CFF thanks financial support from CAPES and CNPq. ELB receives a scholarship from CNPq. Prof. S. D. Hopper provided criticism that improved the quality of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

    Fernando A. O. Silveira, Roberta L. C. Dayrell, Cecilia F. Fiorini & Eduardo L. Borba

  2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia

    Roberta L. C. Dayrell

  3. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Centro Universitário UNA, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

    Daniel Negreiros

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  1. Fernando A. O. Silveira
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Correspondence to Fernando A. O. Silveira .

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  1. Laboratory of Paleoecology, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    Valentí Rull

  2. Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA

    Ana Carolina Carnaval

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Silveira, F.A.O., Dayrell, R.L.C., Fiorini, C.F., Negreiros, D., Borba, E.L. (2020). Diversification in Ancient and Nutrient-Poor Neotropical Ecosystems: How Geological and Climatic Buffering Shaped Plant Diversity in Some of the World’s Neglected Hotspots. In: Rull, V., Carnaval, A. (eds) Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and Processes. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31167-4_14

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