Abstract
There are approximately 30 million African Americans in the U.S., constituting approximately 12 percent of the population.1 Most of this subpopulation can trace their ancestry to Africans who were brought over as slaves beginning in 1619 to the Jamestown settlement of the British American colonies and later to the United States. During the major period of slave importation from 1700 to 1808, approximately 400,000 Africans entered, almost all from the area of West and West-Central Africa, predominantly from the present countries of Nigeria and Angola. Through admixture with European Americans, African Americans now have an average of 20 percent European American genes.2
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, United States, Bureau of the Census (1992).
E.T. Reed, Caucasian genes in American Negroes, Science 165:762 (1969).
E.J. Leopold, Diabetes in the Negro race, Am Int Med. 5:285 (1931).
A. Altschul, A. Nathan, Diabetes mellitus in Harlem Hospital outpatient department in New York, JAMA 119:248 (1942).
P. Rosenbaum, Juvenile diabetes at Charity Hospital, J La State Med Soc. 199:389 (1967).
M.J. MacDonald, Lower frequency of diabetes among hospitalized Negro than children: Theoretical implications, Acta Genet Med Gemellol 24:119 (1975).
J.M. Roseman, Chapter VIII, Diabetes in Black Americans in: “Diabetes in America, Diabetes Data — Compiled 1984”, National Diabetes Data Group, NIH Publication No. 85-1468, 1 (1985).
A. Marble, Diabetes mellitus in the U.S. Army in World War II, The Military Surgeon 105:357 (1949).
H.A. Sultz, E.R. Schlesinger, W.E. Mosher, The Erie County Survey of Long-term Childhood Illness: II. Incidence and Prevalence, Am J Public Health 58:491 (1978).
K. Gorwitz, G.G. Howen, T.T. Thompson, Prevalence of diabetes in Michigan school-aged children, Diabetes 25:122 (1976).
J.S. Dorman, R.E. LaPorte, L.H. Kuller, et al., The Pittsburgh insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) morbidity and mortality study: Mortality results, Diabetes 33:271 (1984).
R.E. LaPorte, N. Tajima, J.S. Dorman, et al., Differences between Blacks and Whites in the epidemiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Am J Epidemiol 123:592 (1986).
M. Lorenzi, E. Cagliero, N.J. Schmidt, Racial differences in incidence of juvenile-onset Type I diabetes: Epidemiologic studies in southern California, Diabetelogia 28:734 (1985).
L.E. Wagenknecht, J.M. Roseman, W.J. Alexander, Epidemiology of IDDM in Black and White children in Jefferson County, Alabama 1979–1985, Diabetes 38:734 (1989).
E.S. Tull, J.M. Roseman, C.L.E. Christian, Epidemiology of Childhood Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in the US Virgin Islands from 1979–1988: Evidence of an Epidemic in the Early 1980’s and Variation by Degree of Racial Admixture, Diabetes Care 14:558 (1991).
T.H. Lipman, The epidemiology of Type I diabetes in children 0–14 years of age in Philadelphia, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania (1991).
S.R.A. Dodu, The incidence of diabetes mellitus in Accra (Ghana), West Afr Med J. 7:129.
T.W. Kinnear, The pattern of diabetes mellitus in Nigerian teaching hospital, East Afr Med J. 40:288 (1963).
B.O. Osuntokun, F.M. Ankinkugbe, T.I. Francis, et al., Diabetes mellitus in Nigerians: A study of 832 patients, West Afr Med. 20:295 (1971).
World Health Organization, Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group, Geneva, WHO, 10–24 (Tech. Rep. Ser. no. 727) (1985).
R. Patel, A. Ansari, C.L.P. Covarrubias, Leukocyte antigens and disease, III. Association of HLA-B8 and HLA-Bwl5 with insulin-dependent diabetes in three different population groups, Metabolism 26:487 (1977).
R.J. Duquesnoy, M.J. MacDonald, P. Mullins, et al., Increased frequency of HLA-Dw3 in North-American Black patients with juvenile-onset diabetes, Tissue Antigens 13:369 (1979).
G.E. Rodey, N. White, T.E. Frazer, et al., HLA-DR specificities among Black Americans with juvenile-onset diabetes, N Engl J Med. 301:810 (1979).
A. Zeidler, J. Loon, S.D. Frasier, et al., HLA-DRw antigens in Mexican-American and Black-American diabetic patients, Diabetes 29:247 (1980).
R.T. Acton, B.O. Barger, B.R. Boshell, et al., Epidemiology and genetics of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the White and Black Populations from the Southeastern United States in: “Frontiers in Immunogenetics”, W.H. Hildemann, ed., Elsevier-North, Holland, New York, 239 (1980).
B. Budowle, P.J. Reitnauer, B.O. Barger, et al., Properdin Factor B in Black Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, Diabetologia 22:483 (1982).
B. Budowle, J.M. Roseman, R.C.P. Go, et al., The complement component C4 in Black Americans with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, Diabetologia 26:166 (1984).
C.H. Mijovic, D. Jenkins, K.H. Jacobs, et al., HLA-DQA1 and-DQB1 alleles associated with genetic susceptibility to IDDM in a Black population, Diabetes 40:748 (1991).
J.S. Dorman, R.E. LaPorte, R.A. Stone, M. Trucco, Worldwide differences in the incidence of Type I diabetes are associated with amino acid variation at position 57 of the HLA-DQ ß-chain, Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 7370 (1990).
P.J. Reitnauer, J.M. Roseman, B.O. Barger, et al., HLA associations with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a sample of the American Black population, Tissue Antigens 17:286 (1981).
M.J. MacDonald, O.O. Famuyiwa, I.A. Nwabuelo, et al., HLA-DR associations in Black Type I diabetics in Nigeria: Further support for models of inheritance, Diabetes 35:583 (1986).
R. Chakraborty, K.I. Mohammad, M. Nwankwo, R.E. Ferrell, Caucasian Genes in American Blacks: New data, Am J Hum Genet. 50:145 (1992).
P.J. Reitnauer, R.C.P. Go, R.T. Acton, et al., Evidence for genetic admixture as determinant in the occurrence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in U.S. Blacks, Diabetes 31(6):532 (1982).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roseman, J.M., Go, R.C.P., Acton, R.T. (1994). Evidence for the “Genetic Admixture Hypothesis” That the Increased Incidence of IDDM Among African Americans Compared to Africans is Due in Large Part to Susceptibility Gene(s) Which Entered Through Admixture with the European American Gene Pool. In: Dorman, J.S. (eds) Standardization of Epidemiologic Studies of Host Susceptibility. NATO ASI Series, vol 270. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1213-8_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1213-8_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1215-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1213-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive