Skip to main content

Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Conventional and Variant Subtypes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Urinary Tract

Abstract

Urothelial carcinoma can be subdivided primarily into conventional and nonconventional subtypes. Conventional urothelial carcinoma comprises the vast majority (>90 %) of all forms of urinary tract cancer and arises from either papillary or flat in situ lesions. In contrast, nonconventional carcinoma of the urinary tract includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, which are discussed in individual chapters within the text.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mahul MB. Histological variants of urothelial carcinoma: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. Mod Pathol. 2009;22 Suppl 2:S96–118.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Perez-Montiel D, Hes O, Michal M, Suster S. Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: clinicopathologic study of five cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2006;126(1):86–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chou R, Dana T. Screening adults for bladder cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(7):461–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kaufman DS, Shipley WU, Feldman AS. Bladder cancer. Lancet. 2009;374(9685):239–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Nieder AM, Lotan Y, Nuss GR, Langston JP, Vyas S, Manoharan M, et al. Are patients with hematuria appropriately referred to urology? A multi-institutional questionnaire based survey. Urol Oncol. 2010;28(5):500–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Johnson EK, Daignault S, Zhang Y, Lee CT. Patterns of hematuria referral to urologists: does a gender disparity exist? Urology. 2008;72(3):498–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gruver AM, Westfall D, Farver CF, Luthringer DJ, Osunkoya AO, McKenney JK, et al. Selective immunohistochemical markers to distinguish between metastatic high grade urothelial carcinoma to the lung and primary poorly differentiated invasive squamous carcinoma. Abstract 823. San Antonio, Texas:United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology;2011.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Black PC, Brown GA, Dinney CP. The impact of variant histology on the outcome of bladder cancer treated with curative intent. Urol Oncol. 2009;27(1):3–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhai QJ, Black J, Ayala AG, Ro JY. Histologic variants of infiltrating urothelial carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131(8):1244–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Budia Alba A, Queipo Zaragoza JA, Perez Ebri ML, et al. Comparative study of pure epidermoid carcinoma of the bladder and transitional cell carcinoma with squamous or mixed differentiated foci. Actas Urol Esp. 1999;23(2):111–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hong JY, Choi MK, Uhm JE, et al. Palliative chemotherapy for non-transitional cell carcinomas of the urothelial tract. Med Oncol. 2009;26(2):186–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lopez-Beltran A, Martin J, Garcia J, Toro M. Squamous and glandular differentiation in urothelial bladder carcinomas. Histopathology, histochemistry and immunohistochemical expression of carcinoembryonic antigen. Histol Histopathol. 1988;3(1):63–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Scosyrev E, Ely BW, Messing EM, Speights VO, Grossman HB, Wood DP, et al. Do mixed histological features affect survival benefit from neoadjuvant platinum-based combination chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer? A secondary analysis of Southwest Oncology Group-Directed Intergroup Study (S8710). BJU Int. 2011;108(5):693–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dhall D, Al-Ahmadie H, Olgac S. Nested variant of urothelial carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131(11):1725–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Drew PA, Furman J, Civantos F, Murphy WM. The nested variant of transitional cell carcinoma: an aggressive neoplasm with innocuous histology. Mod Pathol. 1996;9(10):989–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Holmang S, Johansson SL. The nested variant of transitional cell carcinoma–a rare neoplasm with poor prognosis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2001;35(2):102–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lin O, Cardillo M, Dalbagni G, et al. Nested variant of urothelial carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases. Mod Pathol. 2003;16(12):1289–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Murphy WM, Deana DG. The nested variant of transitional cell carcinoma: a neoplasm resembling proliferation of Brunn’s nests. Mod Pathol. 1992;5(3):240–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nese N, Kandiloglu AR, Atesci YZ. Nested variant of transitional cell carcinoma with osseous metaplasia of the urinary bladder: a case report and review of published reports. Int J Urol. 2007;14(4):365–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ro J, Lapham R, Amin M. Deceptively bland transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder-further characterization of subtle and diagnostically tracherous patterns of invasion in urothelial neoplasia. Adv Anat Pathol. 1997;4:244–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Young RH, Oliva E. Transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder that may be underdiagnosed. A report of four invasive cases exemplifying the homology between neoplastic and non-neoplastic transitional cell lesions. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20(12):1448–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Leroy X, Leteurtre E, De La Taille A, et al. Microcystic transitional cell carcinoma: a report of 2 cases arising in the renal pelvis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126(7):859–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Young RH, Zukerberg LR. Microcystic transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. A report of four cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;96(5):635–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sari A, Uyaroglu MA, Ermete M, et al. Microcystic urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder metastatic to the penis. Pathol Oncol Res. 2007;13(2):170–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gilcrease MZ, Delgado R, Vuitch F, Albores-Saavedra J. Clear cell adenocarcinoma and nephrogenic adenoma of the urethra and urinary bladder: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical comparison. Hum Pathol. 1998;29(12):1451–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kotliar SN, Wood CG, Schaeffer AJ, Oyasu R. Transitional cell carcinoma exhibiting clear cell features. A differential diagnosis for clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urinary tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119(1):79–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Oliva E, Amin MB, Jimenez R, Young RH. Clear cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a report and comparison of four tumors of mullerian origin and nine of probable urothelial origin with discussion of histogenesis and diagnostic problems. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26(2):190–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sun K, Huan Y, Unger PD. Clear cell adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder and urethra: another urinary tract lesion immunoreactive for P504S. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132(9):1417–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sung MT, Zhang S, MacLennan GT, et al. Histogenesis of clear cell adenocarcinoma in the urinary tract: evidence of urothelial origin. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(7):1947–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Konishi N. Urothelial carcinoma with plasmacytoid variants producing both human chorionic gonadotropin and carbohydrate antigen 19-9. Urology. 2006;68(4):891 e7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Coyne JD, Sim E. Urothelial neoplasia with plasmacytoid morphology. Histopathology. 2006;48(2):200–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fritsche HM, Burger M, Denzinger S, et al. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: histological and clinical features of 5 cases. J Urol. 2008;180(5):1923–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gaafar A, Garmendia M, de Miguel E, et al. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A study of 7 cases. Actas Urol Esp. 2008;32(8):806–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kohno T, Kitamura M, Akai H, et al. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Urol. 2006;13(4):485–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mai KT, Park PC, Yazdi HM, et al. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder report of seven new cases. Eur Urol. 2006;50(5):1111–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Nigwekar P, Tamboli P, Amin MB, Osunkoya AO, Ben-Dor D. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma: detailed analysis of morphology with clinicopathologic correlation in 17 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(3):417–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ro JY, Shen SS, Lee HI, et al. Plasmacytoid transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 9 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32(5):752–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sahin AA, Myhre M, Ro JY, et al. Plasmacytoid transitional cell carcinoma. Report of a case with initial presentation mimicking multiple myeloma. Acta Cytol. 1991;35(3):277–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sato K, Ueda Y, Kawamura K, Aihara K, Katsuda S. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report and immunohistochemical study. Pathol Res Pract. 2009;205(3):189–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Soylu A, Aydin NE, Yilmaz U, Kutlu R, Gunes A. Urothelial carcinoma featuring lipid cell and plasmacytoid morphology with poor prognostic outcome. Urology. 2005;65(4):797.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang XM, Elhosseiny A, Melamed MR. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. A case report and the first description of urinary cytology. Acta Cytol. 2002;46(2):412–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Baldwin L, Lee AH, Al-Talib RK, Theaker JM. Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder mimicking lobular carcinoma of the breast: a discohesive variant of urothelial carcinoma. Histopathology. 2005;46(1):50–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kumar S, Kumar D, Cowan DF. Transitional cell carcinoma with rhabdoid features. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16(5):515–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Parwani AV, Herawi M, Volmar K, Tsay SH, Epstein JI. Urothelial carcinoma with rhabdoid ­features: report of 6 cases. Hum Pathol. 2006;37(2):168–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gulley ML, Amin MB, Nicholls JM, et al. Epstein-Barr virus is detected in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma but not in lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Hum Pathol. 1995;26(11):1207–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Tamas EF, Nielsen ME, Schoenberg MP, Epstein JI. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary tract: a clinicopathological study of 30 pure and mixed cases. Mod Pathol. 2007;20(8):828–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nigwekar P, Amin MB. The many faces of urothelial carcinoma: an update with an emphasis on recently described variants. Adv Anat Pathol. 2008;15(4):218–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Holmang S, Borghede G, Johansson SL. Bladder carcinoma with lymphoepithelioma-like differentiation: a report of 9 cases. J Urol. 1998;159(3):779–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dinney CP, Ro JY, Babaian RJ, Johnson DE. Lymphoepithelioma of the bladder: a clinicopathological study of 3 cases. J Urol. 1993;149(4):840–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Amin MB, Ro JY, Lee KM, et al. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Am J Surg Pathol. 1994;18(5):466–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lopez-Beltran A, Luque RJ, Vicioso L, et al. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 13 cases. Virchows Arch. 2001;438(6):552–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Eble JN, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA, editors. Pathology & genetics of tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs. Lyon, France: IARC; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Leroy X, Gonzalez S, Zini L, Aubert S. Lipoid-cell variant of urothelial carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of five cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(5):770–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dirnhofer S, Koessler P, Ensinger C, et al. Production of trophoblastic hormones by transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: association to tumor stage and grade. Hum Pathol. 1998;29(4):377–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Iles RK, Chard T. Human chorionic gonadotropin expression by bladder cancers: biology and clinical potential. J Urol. 1991;145(3):453–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Iles RK, Jenkins BJ, Oliver RT, Blandy JP, Chard T. Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin in serum and urine. A marker for metastatic urothelial cancer. Br J Urol. 1989;64(3):241–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Martin JE, Jenkins BJ, Zuk RJ, Oliver RT, Baithun SI. Human chorionic gonadotrophin expression and histological findings as predictors of response to radiotherapy in carcinoma of the bladder. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1989;414(3):273–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sievert K, Weber EA, Herwig R, et al. Pure primary choriocarcinoma of the urinary bladder with long-term survival. Urology. 2000;56(5):856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lopez-Beltran A, Pacelli A, Rothenberg HJ, et al. Carcinosarcoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder: clinicopathological study of 41 cases. J Urol. 1998;159(5):1497–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wright JL, Black PC, Brown GA, et al. Differences in survival among patients with sarcomatoid carcinoma, carcinosarcoma and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 2007;178(6):2302–6; discussion 7.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Sung MT, Wang M, MacLennan GT, et al. Histogenesis of sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: evidence for a common clonal origin with divergent differentiation. J Pathol. 2007;211(4):420–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Jones EC, Young RH. Myxoid and sclerosing sarcomatoid transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 25 cases. Mod Pathol. 1997;10(9):908–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Acikalin MF, Kabukcuoglu S, Can C. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the renal pelvis with giant cell ­tumor-like features: case report with immunohistochemical findings. Int J Urol. 2005;12(2):199–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Young RH, Wick MR, Mills SE. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic analysis of 12 cases and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988;90(6):653–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Torenbeek R, Blomjous CE, de Bruin PC, Newling DW, Meijer CJ. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Clinicopathologic analysis of 18 cases with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings. Am J Surg Pathol. 1994;18(3):241–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ikegami H, Iwasaki H, Ohjimi Y, et al. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 14 patients. Hum Pathol. 2000;31(3):332–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Reuter VE. Sarcomatoid lesions of the urogenital tract. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1993;10(2):188–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Young RH, Wick MR. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with pseudosarcomatous stroma. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988;90(2):216–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Shah SK, Lui PD, Baldwin DD, Ruckle HC. Urothelial carcinoma after external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2006;175(6):2063–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Armstrong AB, Wang M, Eble JN, et al. TP53 mutational analysis supports monoclonal origin of biphasic sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (carcinosarcoma) of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol. 2009;22(1):113–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Westfall DE, Folpe AL, Paner GP, et al. Utility of a comprehensive immunohistochemical panel in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions of the urinary bladder. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(1):99–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Harik LR, Merino C, Coindre JM, et al. Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferations of the bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 42 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(7):787–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mahadevia PS, Alexander JE, Rojas-Corona R, Koss LG. Pseudosarcomatous stromal reaction in primary and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. A source of diagnostic difficulty. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13(9):782–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Young RH. Spindle cell lesions of the urinary bladder. Histol Histopathol. 1990;5(4):505–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Amir G, Rosenmann E. Osteoclast-like giant cell tumour of the urinary bladder. Histopathology. 1990;17(5):413–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Garcia Garcia F, Garcia Ligero J, Martinez Diaz F, et al. Bladder carcinoma with osteoclast-type giant cells. A case with a rare presentation. Review of the literature. Actas Urol Esp. 2003;27(4):317–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kruger S, Johannisson R, Kausch I, Feller AC. Papillary urothelial bladder carcinoma associated with osteoclast-like giant cells. Int Urol Nephrol. 2005;37(1):61–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Zukerberg LR, Armin AR, Pisharodi L, Young RH. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with osteoclast-type giant cells: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Histopathology. 1990;17(5):407–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Baydar D, Amin MB, Epstein JI. Osteoclast-rich undifferentiated carcinomas of the urinary tract. Mod Pathol. 2006;19(2):161–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Eble JN, Young RH. Carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a review of its diverse morphology. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1997;14(2):98–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Young RH, Eble JN. Unusual forms of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Hum Pathol. 1991;22(10):948–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Stein JP. Indications for early cystectomy. Urology. 2003;62(4):591–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Chang SS, Cookson MS. Radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: the case for early intervention. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32(2):147–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Montgomery JS, Weizer AZ, Montie JE. T1 bladder cancer: advocating early cystectomy to improve oncologic control. Urol Oncol. 2010;28(5):466–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Herr HW, Donat SM. Outcome of patients with grossly node positive bladder cancer after pelvic lymph node dissection and radical cystectomy. J Urol. 2001;165(1):62–4; discussion 64.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Sweeney P, Millikan R, Donat M, et al. Is there a therapeutic role for post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder? J Urol. 2003;169(6):2113–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Dodd PM, McCaffrey JA, Herr H, et al. Outcome of postchemotherapy surgery after treatment with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in patients with unresectable or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(8):2546–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Skinner DG. Management of invasive bladder cancer: a meticulous pelvic node dissection can make a difference. J Urol. 1982;128(1):34–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Herr HW. Surgical factors in bladder cancer: more (nodes)  +  more (pathology)  =  less (mortality). BJU Int. 2003;92(3):187–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Walsh PC, Donker PJ. Impotence following radical prostatectomy: insight into etiology and prevention. J Urol. 1982;128(3):492–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Schlegel PN, Walsh PC. Neuroanatomical approach to radical cystoprostatectomy with preservation of sexual function. J Urol. 1987;138(6):1402–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kessler TM, Burkhard FC, Studer UE. Clinical indications and outcomes with nerve-sparing cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32(2):165–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Schoenberg MP, Walsh PC, Breakzeale DR, Marshall FF, Mostwin JL, Brendler CB. Local recurrence and survival following nerve sparing radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer: 10-year followup. J Urol. 1996;155(2):490–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hautmann RE, Stein JP. Neobladder with prostatic capsule and seminal-sparing cystectomy for bladder cancer: a step in the wrong direction. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32(2):177–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Richards KA, Parks GE, Badlani GH, Kader AK, Hemal AK, Pettus JA. Developing selection criteria for prostate-sparing cystectomy: a review of ­cystoprostatectomy specimens. Urology. 2010;75(5):1116–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Cunningham J. Tumors of the bladder. J Urol. 1931;25:559.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Colston J, Leadbetter WF. Infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 1936;36:669.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Jewett H, Strong G. Infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder: relation of depth of penetration of the bladder wall to incidence of local extension and metastases. J Urol. 1946;55:366–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Marshall VF, Whitmore Jr WF. Simple cystectomy for cancer of the urinary bladder; 100 consecutive cases; 2 years later. J Urol. 1950;63(2):232–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Brunschwig A. Complete excision of pelvic viscera for advanced carcinoma; a one-stage abdominoperineal operation with end colostomy and bilateral ureteral implantation into the colon above the colostomy. Cancer. 1948;1(2):177–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. International Bladder Cancer Nomogram Consortium, Bochner BH, Kattan MW, Vora KC. Postoperative nomogram predicting risk of recurrence after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(24):3967–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Stein JP, Cai J, Groshen S, Skinner DG. Risk factors for patients with pelvic lymph node metastases following radical cystectomy with en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy: concept of lymph node density. J Urol. 2003;170(1):35–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Herr HW. Superiority of ratio based lymph node staging for bladder cancer. J Urol. 2003;169(3):943–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Karl A, Carroll PR, Gschwend JE, et al. The impact of lymphadenectomy and lymph node metastasis on the outcomes of radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2009;55(4):826–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Fleischmann A, Thalmann GN, Markwalder R, Studer UE. Extracapsular extension of pelvic lymph node metastases from urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is an independent prognostic factor. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2358–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Leissner J, Ghoneim MA, Abol-Enein H, et al. Extended radical lymphadenectomy in patients with urothelial bladder cancer: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Urol. 2004;171(1):139–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Vazina A, Dugi D, Shariat SF, Evans J, Link R, Lerner SP. Stage specific lymph node metastasis mapping in radical cystectomy specimens. J Urol. 2004;171(5):1830–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Bochner BH, Cho D, Herr HW, Donat M, Kattan MW, Dalbagni G. Prospectively packaged lymph node dissections with radical cystectomy: evaluation of node count variability and node mapping. J Urol. 2004;172(4 Pt 1):1286–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. AJCC. Urinary bladder. In: Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Shabsigh A, Korets R, Vora KC, et al. Defining early morbidity of radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer using a standardized reporting methodology. Eur Urol. 2009;55(1):164–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Donat SM, Siegrist T, Cronin A, Savage C, Milowsky MI, Herr HW. Radical cystectomy in octogenarians–does morbidity outweigh the potential survival benefits? J Urol. 2010;183(6):2171–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Donat SM, Shabsigh A, Savage C, et al. Potential impact of postoperative early complications on the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a high-volume tertiary cancer center experience. Eur Urol. 2009;55(1):177–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Hellenthal NJ, Hussain A, Andrews PE, et al. Surgical margin status after robot assisted radical cystectomy: results from the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium. J Urol. 2010;184(1):87–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Haber GP, Crouzet S, Gill IS. Laparoscopic and robotic assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a critical analysis. Eur Urol. 2008;54(1):54–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Pruthi RS, Nielsen ME, Nix J, Smith A, Schultz H, Wallen EM. Robotic radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: surgical and pathological outcomes in 100 consecutive cases. J Urol. 2009;183(2):510–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Ng CK, Kauffman EC, Lee MM, et al. A comparison of postoperative complications in open versus robotic cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2009;57(2):274–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Chade DC, Laudone VP, Bochner BH, Parra RO. Oncological outcomes after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: open versus minimally invasive approaches. J Urol. 2010;183(3):862–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Montie JE, NCCN Guidelines Panel Members. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: bladder cancer. N.C.C. Network: Editor; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Ghoneim MA, el-Mekresh MM, el-Baz MA, et al. Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder: critical evaluation of the results in 1,026 cases. J Urol. 1997;158(2):393–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Leissner J, Hohenfellner R, Thuroff JW, Wolf HK, et al. Lymphadenectomy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder; significance for staging and prognosis. BJU Int. 2000;85(7):817–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(9):859–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. International collaboration of trialists on behalf of the Medical Research Council, Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party, EORTC Genito-Urinary Group, Australian Bladder Cancer Study Group, National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Finnbladder, Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group, Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico (CUETO) group. Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. International collaboration of trialists. Lancet. 1999;354(9178):533–40.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Hall RR. Updated results of a randomised controlled trial of neoadjuvant cisplatin (C), methotrexate (M) and vinblastine (V) chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;21:abstr 710.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Collaboration. A.B.C.M.-a.neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;361(9373):1927–34.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-Analysis Collaboration. Adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer (individual patient data). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(2): CD006018.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Isbarn H, Karakiewicz PI, Shariat SF, et al. Residual pathological stage at radical cystectomy significantly impacts outcomes for initial T2N0 bladder cancer. J Urol. 2009;182(2):459–65; discussion 465.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Huang WC, Mick R, Van Arsdalen KN, Wein AJ, Malkowicz SB. An interval longer than 12 weeks between the diagnosis of muscle invasion and cystectomy is associated with worse outcome in bladder carcinoma. J Urol. 2003;169(1):110–5; discussion 115.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Mahmud SM, Fong B, Fahmy N, Tanguay S, Aprikian AG. Effect of preoperative delay on survival in patients with bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy in Quebec: a population based study. J Urol. 2006;175(1):78–83; discussion 83.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Weight CJ, Garcia JA, Hansel DE, et al. Lack of pathologic down-staging with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary series. Cancer. 2009;115(4):792–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Gore JL, Lai J, Setodij CM, Litwin MS, Saigal CS. Urologic Diseases in America Project. Mortality increases when radical cystectomy is delayed more than 12 weeks: results from a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare analysis. Cancer. 2009;115(5):988–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Pontes JE, Lopez R. Tumor recurrence following partial cystectomy. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1984;162A:387–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Faysal MH, Freiha FS. Evaluation of partial cystectomy for carcinoma of bladder. Urology. 1979;14(4):352–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Long RT, Grummon RA, Spratt JS, Perez-Mesa C. Carcinoma of the urinary bladder. (Comparison with radical, simple, and partial cystectomy and intravesical formalin. Cancer. 1972;29(1):98–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Holzbeierlein JM, Lopez-Corona E, Bochner BH, et al. Partial cystectomy: a contemporary review of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience and recommendations for patient selection. J Urol. 2004;172(3):878–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Smaldone MC, Jacobs BL, Smaldone AM, Hrebinko RL. Long-term results of selective partial cystectomy for invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma. Urology. 2008;72(3):613–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Kassouf W, Swanson D, Kamat AM, et al. Partial cystectomy for muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary review of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. J Urol. 2006;175(6):2058–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Hollenbeck BK, Taub DA, Dunn RL, Wei JT. Quality of care: partial cystectomy for bladder cancer—a case of inappropriate use? J Urol. 2005;174(3):1050–4; discussion 1054.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Merrell RW, Brown HE, Rose JF. Bladder carcinoma treated by partial cystectomy: a review of 54 cases. J Urol. 1979;122(4):471–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Dandekar NP, Tongaonkar HB, Dalal AV, Kulkarni JN, Kamat MR. Partial cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1995;60(1):24–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Shelley MD, Barber J, Wilt T, Mason MD. Surgery versus radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder ­cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;1(1):CD002079.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Zehr E, et al. Selective bladder preservation by combined modality protocol treatment: long-term outcomes of 190 patients with invasive bladder cancer. Urology. 2002;60(1):62–7; discussion 67–8.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Coppin CM, Gospodarowicz MK, James K, et al. Improved local control of invasive bladder cancer by concurrent cisplatin and preoperative or definitive radiation. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(11):2901–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Ott OJ, Rodel C, Weiss C, et al. Radiochemotherapy for bladder cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2009;21(7):557–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Rodel C, Grabenbauer GG, Kuhn R, et al. Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(14):3061–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Efstathiou JA, Coen J, Spiegel DY, et al.15-year outcomes of selective bladder preservation for invasive bladder cancer: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience, in 2010 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2010: San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Rodel C, Weiss C, Sauer R. Trimodality treatment and selective organ preservation for bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(35):5536–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Efstathiou JA, Bae K, Shipley WU, et al. Late pelvic toxicity after bladder-sparing therapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: RTOG 89-03, 95-06, 97-06, 99-06. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(25):4055–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Zietman AL, Sacco D, Skowronski U, et al. Organ conservation in invasive bladder cancer by transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiation: results of a urodynamic and quality of life study on long-term survivors. J Urol. 2003;170(5):1772–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer M. Taylor .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Taylor, J.M., Bochner, B., Amin, M.B., Hansel, D.E. (2012). Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Conventional and Variant Subtypes. In: Hansel, D., McKenney, J., Stephenson, A., Chang, S. (eds) The Urinary Tract. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5320-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5320-8_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-5319-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-5320-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics