Overview
Researchers have noted the importance of adults in adolescents’ lives, particularly citing adult role models whom adolescents can look to as they are forming their identities. Although definitions of role models have varied, role models have traditionally been defined as adults to whom youth look up to and desire to be like. While many have speculated on the significance of role models in adolescents’ development, few researchers have investigated the potential of role models to influence adolescents’ outcomes. This essay provides a brief review of the literature on role models and adolescent development. In addition to reviewing studies that have assessed for role model influences on youth outcomes, this essay also reflects on relevant role model characteristics and provides directions for future research.
Adults play a pivotal role in adolescents’ development. One influential role that adults can play in adolescents’ lives is that of role model. Although academics,...
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aspy, C. B., Oman, R. F., Vesely, S. K., McLeroy, K., Rodine, S., & Marshall, L. (2004). Adolescent violence: The protective effects of youth assets. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82, 268–276.
Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bryant, A. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Role models and psychosocial outcomes among African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18, 36–67.
Coleman, J. C., & Hendry, L. B. (1990). The nature of adolescence (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge.
Epstein, J. A., Botvin, G. J., Diaz, T., Toth, V., & Schinke, S. (1995). Social and personal factors in marijuana use and intentions to use drugs among inner city minority youth. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16 (1), 14–20.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Franzen, S., Morrel-Samuels, S., Reischl, T. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2009). Using process evaluation to strengthen intergenerational partnerships in the Youth Empowerment Solutions Program. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 37, 289–301.
Galbo, J. J. (1983). Adolescents’ perceptions of significant adults. Adolescence, 18, 417–427.
Greenberger, E., Chen, C., & Beam, M. R. (1998). The role of “very important” nonparental adults in adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 321–343.
Hendry, L. B., Roberts, W., Glendinning, A., & Coleman, J. C. (1992). Adolescents’ perceptions of significant individuals in their lives. Journal of Adolescence, 15, 255–270.
Hurd, N. M., Zimmerman, M. A., & Reischl, T. M. (2011). Role model behavior and youth violence: A study of positive and negative effects. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31, 323–354.
Hurd, N. M., Zimmerman, M. A., & Xue, Y. (2009). Negative adult influences and the protective effects of role models: A study with urban adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 777–789.
McMahon, S. D., Singh, J. A., Garner, L. S., & Benhorin, S. (2004). Taking advantage of opportunities: Community involvement, well-being, and urban youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34, 262–265.
Oman, R. F., Vesely, S. K., Kegler, M., McLeroy, K., & Aspy, C. B. (2003). A youth development approach to profiling sexual abstinence. American Journal of Health Behavior, 27, S80–S93.
Oman, R. F., Vesely, S., Aspy, C. B., McLeroy, K. R., Rodine, S., & Marshall, L. (2004). The potential protective effect of youth assets on adolescent alcohol and drug use. American Journal of Public Health, 94 (8), 1425–1430.
Pleiss, M. K., & Feldhusen, J. F. (1995). Mentors, role models, and heroes in the lives of gifted children. Educational Psychologist, 30 (3), 159–169.
Scales, P. C., Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., Hintz, N. R., Sullivan, T. K., & Mannes, M. (2001). The role of neighborhood and community in building developmental assets for children and youth: A national study of social norms among American adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 29 (6), 703–727.
Stanton-Salazar, R. D., & Spina, S. U. (2003). Informal mentors and role models in the lives of urban Mexican-origin adolescents. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 34 (3), 231–254.
Werner, E. E. (1995). Resilience in development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4 (3), 81–85.
Yancey, A. K., Siegel, J. M., & McDaniel, K. L. (2002). Role models, ethnic identity, and health-risk behaviors in urban adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156, 55–61.
Zimmerman, M. A., Bingenheimer, J. B., & Notaro, P. C. (2002). Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: A study with urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 221–243.
Zirkel, S. (2002). Is there a place for me? Role models and academic identity among white students and students of color. Teachers College Record, 104 (2), 357–376.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this entry
Cite this entry
Hurd, N.M., Zimmerman, M.A. (2011). Role Models. In: Levesque, R.J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_230
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_230
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1694-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1695-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science