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Frontiers of Education: Japan As “Global Model” or “Nation At Risk”?

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Abstract

The Japanese educational system is undergoing extensive change, affecting all stages from pre-school programmes to higher education. As Japan has moved from a nation at the top to “A Nation at Risk,” certain dichotomies have been highlighted. Viewing Japan as either educational super-power or educational tragedy, depending on the era of research or background of the researchers, has been especially provocative for educators and policy-makers. At the same time, the controversies in America surrounding the report A Nation at Risk (National Commission on Excellence in Education) are well known, a major impetus for the report of course being Japan. Central to the question of whether Japan is best understood as a Global Model or A Nation at Risk are themes of cross-national attraction and educational transfer. What can the world learn from Japan? What does Japan need to learn from the world? The answers to these questions have particular significance for Japanese higher education, which we take up as a case study here, with its urgent task to innovate in the face of a steep demographic downward trend. For those in Japan who feel that Japanese education is in a dismal state, what are the origins of this serious decline? For observers in other national contexts who envisage Japan as a model, how do the calls to ‘learn from Japan’ reflect genuine attempts to improve practice at home? Or are they simply rhetorical tools in support of domestic political projects?

Résumé

FRONTIÈRES DE L’ÉDUCATION: LE JAPON EN TANT QUE “MODÈLE GLOBAL” OU « NATION EN DANGER » ? – le système d’éducation japonais est entré dans une ère de large changement. Lorsque le Japon est passé d’une nation au sommet à « une nation en danger », certaines dichotomies s’en sont trouvées accentuées. Voir en lui une superpuissance éducative (modèle global) ou une tragédie éducative (une nation en danger) a été particulièrement provocateur pour les éducateurs et les personnes définissant la politique, et les thèmes d’une attraction transnationale et d’un transfert éducatif sont au centre de cette discussion. Que peut apprendre le monde du Japon? Que doit apprendre le Japon du monde? Les réponses ont une signification particulière pour l’enseignement supérieur japonais, que les auteurs prennent ici pour faire une étude de cas. À ceux qui au Japon estiment que l’éducation japonaise est dans un état lamentable, l’on pourrait demander : qu’ont créé et qui a créé ces idées? Pour les observateurs d’ailleurs qui voient dans le Japon un modèle, les appels pour « apprendre du Japon » reflètent-ils des tentatives véritables pour améliorer la pratique chez eux ou ne sont-ils que de simples outils rhétoriques à l’appui de projets politiques intérieurs?

Zusammenfassung

GRENZLINIEN DER BILDUNG: JAPAN ALS “WELTVORBILD” ODER “RISIKONATION”? – Das japanische Bildungssystem ist in eine Ära umfassender Veränderungen eingetreten. Im Zuge der Wandlung Japans von der Spitzennation zur “Risikonation” sind bestimmte Dichotomien deutlich geworden. Die Sichtweise als entweder bildungspolitische Supermacht (Weltmodell) oder bildungs-politische Tragödie (Risikonation) erweist sich als starke bildungspolitische Provokation, zumal in dieser Debatte Fragen der zwischenstaatlichen Attraktion und des Bildungstransfers von zentraler Bedeutung sind. Was kann die Welt von Japan lernen? Was muss Japan von der Welt lernen? Die Antworten sind besonders für die japanische Hochschulbildung von Bedeutung, über die die Autoren hier eine Fallstudie vorlegen. Diejenigen Personen in Japan, die das Bildungssystem in einem beklagenswerten Licht wahrnehmen, könnten fragen: Durch wen oder was sind diese Vorstellungen zustande gekommen? Außenstehende Beobachter, die Japan als Vorbild sehen, könnten fragen: Spiegeln die Aufrufe “von Japan zu lernen” wirklich eigenständige Herangehensweisen zur Verbesserung der eigenen Praxis wider oder sind sie schlicht rhetorische Mittel zur Untermauerung binnenpolitischer Projekte?

Resumen

FRONTERAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN: ¿ES JAPÓN UN “MODELO GLOBAL” O UNA “NACIÓN EN PELIGRO”? – El sistema educativo japonés ha ingresado en una era de cambios extensivos, donde se realzan ciertas dicotomías con el paso de Japón desde la cumbre hacia una “Nation at Risk”. Su calificación, ya sea de superpotencia educativa (Global Model) o de tragedia de la educación (A Nation at Risk), supone una provocación muy especial para educadores y responsables de políticas de la educación. El debate se centra en temas de atractivo entre países y transferencia educativa. ¿Qué puede aprender el mundo de Japón? ¿Y qué debe aprender Japón del mundo? Las respuestas revisten especial importancia para la educación superior japonesa, que los autores han tomado aquí como un estudio de caso. En cuanto a quienes tienen en Japón la sensación de que la educación japonesa se encuentra en un estado desolador, habría que preguntar: ¿qué y quién han dado lugar a estas ideas? Y en cuanto a los observadores de cualquier sitio que ven a Japón como modelo, los requerimientos de “aprender de Japón” ¿realmente reflejan intentos genuinos de mejorar la puesta en práctica en su propio país, o son simplemente herramientas retóricas que soportan proyectos políticos a nivel nacional?

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Willis, D.B., Yamamura, S., Rappleye, J. (2008). Frontiers of Education: Japan As “Global Model” or “Nation At Risk”?. In: Majhanovich, S., Fox, C., Kreso, A.P. (eds) Living Together. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9816-1_13

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