Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xxiii

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2. General Issues in Antimicrobial Resistance

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Global Perspectives of Antibiotic Resistance

      • Carlos F. Amábile-Cuevas

      Pages 3-13

   3. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance

      • Denis K. Byarugaba

      Pages 15-26

   4. Poverty and Root Causes of Resistance in Developing Countries

      • Iruka N. Okeke

      Pages 27-35

   5. What the Future Holds for Resistance in Developing Countries

      • Michael L. Bennish, Wasif Ali Khan

      Pages 37-57

   6. The Introduction of Antimicrobial Agents in Resource-Constrained Countries: Impact on the Emergence of Resistance

      • Carlos Franco-Paredes, Jose Ignacio Santos-Preciado

      Pages 59-71

3. The Human Impact of Resistance

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 73-73

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   2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Resistance to Antiretroviral Drugs in Developing Countries

      • Rebecca F. Baggaley, Maya L. Petersen, Marcelo A. Soares, Marie-Claude Boily, Francisco I. Bastos

      Pages 75-94

   3. Drug Resistance in Malaria in Developing Countries

      • Quique Bassat, Pedro L. Alonso

      Pages 95-116

   4. Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

      • Moses Joloba, Freddie Bwanga

      Pages 117-135

   5. Antifungal Drug Resistance in Developing Countries

      • David S. Perlin

      Pages 137-156

   6. Drug Resistance in African Trypanosomiasis

      • Enock Matovu, Pascal Mäser

      Pages 157-176

   7. Antimicrobial Resistance in Enteric Pathogens in Developing Countries

      • Samuel Kariuki

      Pages 177-197

   8. Bacterial-Resistant Infections in Resource-Limited Countries

      • Alessandro Bartoloni, Eduardo Gotuzzo

      Pages 199-231

   9. Prevalence of Resistant Enterococci in Developing Countries

      • Lorena Abadía-Patiño

      Pages 233-247

   10. Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria from Developing Countries

       • Soraya Sgambatti de Andrade, Ana Cristina Gales, Helio Silva Sader

       Pages 249-266

   11. Resistance in Reservoirs and Human Commensals

       • Michael Feldgarden

       Pages 267-279

4. Antimicrobial Use and Misuse

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 281-281

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   2. Determinants of Antimicrobial Use: Poorly Understood–Poorly Researched

      • Hilbrand Haak, Aryanti Radyowijati

      Pages 283-300

Avoiding infection has always been expensive. Some human populations escaped tropical infections by migrating into cold climates but then had to procure fuel, warm clothing, durable housing, and crops from a short growing season. Waterborne infections were averted by owning your own well or supporting a community reservoir. Everyone got vaccines in rich countries, while people in others got them later if at all. Antimicrobial agents seemed at first to be an exception. They did not need to be delivered through a cold chain and to everyone, as vaccines did. They had to be given only to infected patients and often then as relatively cheap injectables or pills off a shelf for only a few days to get astonishing cures. Antimicrobials not only were better than most other innovations but also reached more of the world’s people sooner. The problem appeared later. After each new antimicrobial became widely used, genes expressing resistance to it began to emerge and spread through bacterial populations. Patients infected with bacteria expressing such resistance genes then failed treatment and remained infected or died. Growing resistance to antimicrobial agents began to take away more and more of the cures that the agents had brought.

• HIV
• Malaria
• antibiotics
• antimicrobial
• antimicrobial resistance
• bacteria
• infection
• infections
• infectious diseases

• Advisor Alliance for the Prudent Use of, Tufts University, Boston, U.S.A.

  Aníbal de J. Sosa

• Dept. Zoology, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda

  Denis K. Byarugaba

• Fundación Lusara, Mexico, Mexico

  Carlos F. Amábile-Cuevas

• Depts. Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan Univ. Hosp., Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.

  Po-Ren Hsueh

• Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya

  Samuel Kariuki

• Dept. Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, U.S.A.

  Iruka N. Okeke

Policies and ethics