Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Considerations: Assessment and Treatment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Neuropsychology of Attention

Abstract

The clinical assessment of attention depends on three primary sources of information: (1) direct behavioral observation and measurement; (2) psychometric tests designed to measure other cognitive functions (e.g., intellectual measures), which provide indirect information about attention, and (3) neurocognitive tests developed specifically to assess attention and its underlying component processes. As attention is a multifaceted process, the assessment of attention requires that the clinician obtains information about the characteristics of the patient’s performance under different conditions. Therefore, to adequately assess attention, it is usually necessary to use more than one test.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lezak, M. D., & Lezak, M. D. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Folstein, M. F., Robins, L. N., & Helzer, J. E. (1983). The mini-mental state examination. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40(7), 812.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bellack, A. S., & Hersen, M. (1998). Behavioral assessment: A practical handbook (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bellack, A. S., & Hersen, M. (1988). Behavioral assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cohen, R., McCrae, V., Phillips, K., & Wilkinson, H. (1990). Neurobehavioral consequences of bilateral medial cingulotomy. Neurology, 40(1), 198.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cohen, R., Lohr, I., Paul, R., & Boland, R. (2001). Impairments of attention and effort among patients with major affective disorders. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13(3), 385–395.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cohen, R. A., & Albers, H. E. (1991). Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study. Neurology, 41(5), 726–729.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Long, C., & Hollin, C. R. (1995). Single case design: A critique of methodology and analysis of recent trends. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2(3), 177–191.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hersen, M., & Barlow, D. (1976). Single-case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zaret, B. S., & Cohen, R. A. (1986). Reversible valproic acid dementia: A case report. Epilepsia, 27(3), 234–240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Barkley, R. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, third edition: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fulton, B. D., Scheffler, R. M., Hinshaw, S. P., et al. (2009). National variation of ADHD diagnostic prevalence and medication use: Health care providers and education policies. Psychiatric Services, 60(8), 1075–1083.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hechtman, L. (2000). Assessment and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 481–498.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Waxmonsky, J. (2003). Assessment and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid psychiatric illness. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 15(5), 476–482.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wolraich, M. L., Wibbelsman, C. J., Brown, T. E., et al. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents: A review of the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical implications. Pediatrics, 115(6), 1734–1746.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. American Psychiatric Association & American Psychiatric Association, Task Force on DSM-IV. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., First, M. B., et al. (1992). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). II. Multisite test-retest reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(8), 630–636.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Conners, C. K. (1998). Rating scales in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Use in assessment and treatment monitoring. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl. 7), 24–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Conners, C. K. (1999). Clinical use of rating scales in diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 46(5), 857–870, vi.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Conners, C. K., & Conners, C. K. (2008). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: The latest assessment and treatment strategies (4th ed.). Kansas City, MO: Compact Clinicals.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D., & Epstein, J. N. (1998). Revision and restandardization of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(4), 279–291.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D., & Epstein, J. N. (1998). The revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(4), 257–268.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gomez, R. (2008). Parent ratings of the ADHD items of the disruptive behavior rating scale: Analyses of their IRT properties based on the generalized partial credit model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(2), 181–186.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Adler, L. A., et al. (2010). Structure and diagnosis of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Analysis of expanded symptom criteria from the Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(11), 1168–1178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rosler, M., Retz, W., Thome, J., Schneider, M., Stieglitz, R. D., & Falkai, P. (2006). Psychopathological rating scales for diagnostic use in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(Suppl. 1), i3–i11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cummings, J. L., & McPherson, S. (2001). Neuropsychiatric assessment of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Aging (Milano), 13(3), 240–246.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mega, M. S., Cummings, J. L., Fiorello, T., & Gornbein, J. (1996). The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 46(1), 130–135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Schiehser, D. M., Delis, D. C., Filoteo, J. V., et al. (2011). Are self-reported symptoms of executive dysfunction associated with objective executive function performance following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(6), 704–714.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hoerold, D., Dockree, P. M., O’Keeffe, F. M., Bates, H., Pertl, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2008). Neuropsychology of self-awareness in young adults. Experimental Brain Research, 186(3), 509–515.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ross, S. R., Benning, S. D., & Adams, Z. (2007). Symptoms of executive dysfunction are endemic to secondary psychopathy: An examination in criminal offenders and noninstitutionalized young adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(4), 384–399.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Malloy, P., Tremont, G., Grace, J., & Frakey, L. (2007). The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale discriminates frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 3(3), 200–203.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Malloy, P., & Grace, J. (2005). A review of rating scales for measuring behavior change due to frontal systems damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18(1), 18–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Stout, J. C., Ready, R. E., Grace, J., Malloy, P. F., & Paulsen, J. S. (2003). Factor analysis of the frontal systems behavior scale (FrSBe). Assessment, 10(1), 79–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Marin, R. S., Firinciogullari, S., & Biedrzycki, R. C. (1993). The sources of convergence between measures of apathy and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 28(1), 7–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Marin, R. S., Biedrzycki, R. C., & Firinciogullari, S. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Psychiatry Research, 38(2), 143–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Marin, R. S. (1990). Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(1), 22–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Paul, R. H., Brickman, A. M., Navia, B., et al. (2005). Apathy is associated with volume of the nucleus accumbens in patients infected with HIV. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 17(2), 167–171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Tate, D., Paul, R. H., Flanigan, T. P., et al. (2003). The impact of apathy and depression on quality of life in patients infected with HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 17(3), 115–120.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Barrett, D. E. (1977). Reflection-impulsivity as a predictor of children’s academic achievement. Child Development, 48(4), 1443–1447.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cohen, R. A., Brumm, V., Zawacki, T. M., Paul, R., Sweet, L., & Rosenbaum, A. (2003). Impulsivity and verbal deficits associated with domestic violence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9(5), 760–770.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Russell, E. W. (2004). The operating characteristics of the major HRNES-R measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(8), 1043–1061.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Reitan, R. M. (1984). An impairment index of brain functions in children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58(3), 875–881.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Boyar, J. I., & Tsushima, W. T. (1975). Cross-validation of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery: Application in Hawaii. Hawaii Medical Journal, 34(3), 94–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Devaraju-Backhaus, S., Espe-Pfeifer, P., Mahrou, M. L., & Golden, C. J. (2001). Correlation of the LNNB-III with the WAIS-III in a mixed psychiatric and brain-injured population. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 111(3–4), 235–240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kivlahan, D. R., Harris, M. D., Moore, J. E., Powel, J., & Donovan, D. M. (1985). Validation of the Luria-Nebraska Intellectual Processes Scale as a measure of intelligence in male alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41(2), 287–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Golden, C. J., MacInnes, W. D., Ariel, R. N., et al. (1982). Cross-validation of the ability of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery to differentiate chronic schizophrenics with and without ventricular enlargement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(1), 87–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Golden, C. J., Moses, J. A., Jr., Fishburne, F. J., et al. (1981). Cross-validation of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for the presence, lateralization, and localization of brain damage. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(4), 491–507.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Terman, L. M. (1916). The measurement of intelligence: An explanation of and a complete guide for the use of the Stanford revision and extension of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Thurstone, L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Cattell, R. B. (1967). The theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligence checked at the 5–6 year-old level. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 37(2), 209–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences. Journal of Education and Psychology, 57(5), 253–270.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ryan, J. J., Paolo, A. M., Miller, D. A., & Morris, J. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in a sample of brain-damaged women. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12(7), 683–689.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Allen, S. R., & Thorndike, R. M. (1995). Stability of the WAIS-R and WISC-III factor structure using cross-validation of covariance structures. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(5), 648–657.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Paolo, A. M., & Ryan, J. J. (1994). Factor structure of the WAIS-R by educational level: An examination of elderly persons. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9(3), 259–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Blaha, J., & Mandes, E. (1993). The hierarchical factor structure of the WAIS-R for alcoholic adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(5), 740–745.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Rossini, E. D., Kowalski, J. M., Dudish, S. A., & Telcher, S. L. (1991). Temporal consistency of the WAIS-R Memory/Freedom from distractibility factor in a nonclinical sample. Psychological Reports, 68(3 Pt 1), 827–832.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Dai, X. Y., Ryan, J. J., Paolo, A. M., & Harrington, R. G. (1990). Factor analysis of the mainland Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-RC) in a brain-damaged sample. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 55(2–4), 107–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bornstein, R. A., Drake, M. E., Jr., & Pakalnis, A. (1988). WAIS-R factor structure in epileptic patients. Epilepsia, 29(1), 14–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ryan, J. J., & Schneider, J. A. (1986). Factor analysis of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) in a brain-damaged sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 962–964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Enns, R. A., & Reddon, J. R. (1998). The factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised: One or two but not three factors. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 447–459.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ward, L. C., Ryan, J. J., & Axelrod, B. N. (2000). Confirmatory factor analyses of the WAIS-III standardization data. Psychological Assessment, 12(3), 341–345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Yim, C. Y., Soczynska, J. K., Kennedy, S. H., Woldeyohannes, H. O., Brietzke, E., & McIntyre, R. S. (2012). The effect of overweight/obesity on cognitive function in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder. European Psychiatry, 27(3), 223–228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Syrjala, K. L., Artherholt, S. B., Kurland, B. F., et al. (2011). Prospective neurocognitive function over 5 years after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for cancer survivors compared with matched controls at 5 years. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29(17), 2397–2404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gonzalez-Blanch, C., Perez-Iglesias, R., Rodriguez-Sanchez, J. M., et al. (2011). A digit symbol coding task as a screening instrument for cognitive impairment in first-episode psychosis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26(1), 48–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Morrow, S. A., O’Connor, P. W., Polman, C. H., et al. (2010). Evaluation of the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and MS neuropsychological screening questionnaire (MSNQ) in natalizumab-treated MS patients over 48 weeks. Multiple Sclerosis, 16(11), 1385–1392.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. O’Donnell, W. E., Reynolds, D. M., & De Soto, C. B. (1983). Neuropsychological impairment scale (NIS): Initial validation study using trailmaking test (A & B) and WAIS digit symbol (scaled score) in a mixed grouping of psychiatric, neurological, and normal patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(5), 746–748.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., & Strumwasser, S. (1991). Neuropsychological deficits in chronic cocaine abusers. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 57(1–2), 73–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. McCrimmon, R. J., Deary, I. J., Huntly, B. J., MacLeod, K. J., & Frier, B. M. (1996). Visual information processing during controlled hypoglycaemia in humans. Brain, 119(Pt 4), 1277–1287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hinton-Bayre, A. D., Geffen, G., & McFarland, K. (1997). Mild head injury and speed of information processing: A prospective study of professional rugby league players. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19(2), 275–289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Goldman, W. P., Baty, J. D., Buckles, V. D., Sahrmann, S., & Morris, J. C. (1998). Cognitive and motor functioning in Parkinson disease: Subjects with and without questionable dementia. Archives of Neurology, 55(5), 674–680.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Becker, J. T., & Salthouse, T. A. (1999). Neuropsychological test performance in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Independent effects of diagnostic group on functioning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5(1), 41–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wefel, J. S., Hoyt, B. D., & Massma, P. J. (1999). Neuropsychological functioning in depressed versus nondepressed participants with Alzheimer’s disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(3), 249–257.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rovaris, M., Iannucci, G., Falautano, M., et al. (2002). Cognitive dysfunction in patients with mildly disabling relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: An exploratory study with diffusion tensor MR imaging. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 195(2), 103–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Solari, A., Mancuso, L., Motta, A., Mendozzi, L., & Serrati, C. (2002). Comparison of two brief neuropsychological batteries in people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 8(2), 169–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. O’Donnell, B. F., Drachman, D. A., Lew, R. A., & Swearer, J. M. (1988). Measuring dementia: Assessment of multiple deficit domains. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(6), 916–923.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Prigatano, G. P. (1978). Wechsler memory scale: A selective review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 816–832.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Stankov, L. (1988). Aging, attention, and intelligence. Psychology and Aging, 3(1), 59–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mirsky, A. (1989). Neuropsychology of attention: Elements of a complex behavior. In E. Perecman (Ed.), Integrating theory and practice in clinical neuropsychology (Vol. xxviii, 438p). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Mirsky, A. F., & Duncan, C. C. (2001). A nosology of disorders of attention. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 17–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Mirsky, A. F., Anthony, B. J., Duncan, C. C., Ahearn, M. B., & Kellam, S. G. (1991). Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach. Neuropsychology Review, 2(2), 109–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Thaler, N. S., Allen, D. N., Park, B. S., McMurray, J. C., & Mayfield, J. (2010). Attention processing abnormalities in children with traumatic brain injury and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differential impairment of component processes. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(9), 929–936.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Duncan, C. C., Mirsky, A. F., Lovelace, C. T., & Theodore, W. H. (2009). Assessment of the attention impairment in absence epilepsy: Comparison of visual and auditory P300. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73(2), 118–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Levine, A. J., Hardy, D. J., Barclay, T. R., Reinhard, M. J., Cole, M. M., & Hinkin, C. H. (2008). Elements of attention in HIV-infected adults: Evaluation of an existing model. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(1), 53–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Strauss, M. E., Thompson, P., Adams, N. L., Redline, S., & Burant, C. (2000). Evaluation of a model of attention with confirmatory factor analysis. Neuropsychology, 14(2), 201–208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Mirsky, A. F., Ingraham, L. J., & Kugelmass, S. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment of attention and its pathology in the Israeli cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21(2), 193–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kremen, W. S., Seidman, L. J., Faraone, S. V., Pepple, J. R., & Tsuang, M. T. (1992). Attention/information-processing factors in psychotic disorders. Replication and extension of recent neuropsychological findings. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(2), 89–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kellam, S., Ialongo, N., Brown, H., et al. (1989). Attention problems in first grade and shy and aggressive behaviors as antecedents to later heavy or inhibited substance use. NIDA Research Monograph, 95, 368–369.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Cohen, R. (1993). Neuropsychology of attention. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Gunstad, J., Cohen, R. A., Paul, R. H., & Gordon, E. (2006). Dissociation of the component processes of attention in healthy adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(7), 645–650.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Lockwood, K. A., Marcotte, A. C., & Stern, C. (2001). Differentiation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes: Application of a neuropsychological model of attention. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(3), 317–330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wechsler, D. (1997). Technical manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Raven, J. (1981). Manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Research Supplement No. 1: The 1979 British Standardisation of the Standard Progressive Matrices and Mill Hill Vocabulary Scales, Together With Comparative Data From Earlier Studies in the UK, US, Canada, Germany and Ireland. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Tulsky, D. S. (2003). Clinical interpretation of WAIS-III and WMS-III. New York, NY: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Lange, R. T., Schoenberg, M. R., Chelune, G. J., Scott, J. G., & Adams, R. L. (2005). Development of the WAIS-III general ability index estimate (GAI-E). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19(1), 73–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Brown, K. I., & Ryan, J. J. (2004). Reliabilities of the WAIS-III for discrepancy scores: Generalization to a clinical sample. Psychological Reports, 95(3 Pt 1), 914–916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Tulsky, D. S., & Price, L. R. (2003). The joint WAIS-III and WMS-III factor structure: Development and cross-validation of a six-factor model of cognitive functioning. Psychological Assessment, 15(2), 149–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. van der Heijden, P., & Donders, J. (2003). WAIS-III factor index score patterns after traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 10(2), 115–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition. San Antonio, Tx: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Ward, L. C., Bergman, M. A., & Hebert, K. R. (2012). WAIS-IV subtest covariance structure: Conceptual and statistical considerations. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 328–340.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Baxendale, S. (2011). IQ and ability across the adult life span. Applied Neuropsychology, 18(3), 164–167.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Holdnack, J., Goldstein, G., & Drozdick, L. (2011). Social perception and WAIS-IV Performance in adolescents and adults diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome and autism. Assessment, 18(2), 192–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Holdnack, J. A., Xiaobin, Z., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Salthouse, T. A. (2011). Confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS-IV/WMS-IV. Assessment, 18(2), 178–191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Binder, L. M., & Binder, A. L. (2011). Relative subtest scatter in the WAIS-IV standardization sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(1), 62–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Gregoire, J., Coalson, D. L., & Jianjun, Z. (2011). Analysis of WAIS-IV index score scatter using significant deviation from the mean index score. Assessment, 18(2), 168–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hartman, D. E. (2009). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS IV): Return of the gold standard. Applied Neuropsychology, 16(1), 85–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Beck, L. H., Bransome, E. D., Jr., Mirsky, A. F., Rosvold, H. E., & Sarason, I. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20(5), 343–350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Smith, A. (1967). Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Ryan, J. J., & Tree, H. A. (2007). Validity of WAIS-III performance scale subtests completed with the non-dominant hand. Applied Neuropsychology, 14(1), 52–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Langeluddecke, P. M., & Lucas, S. K. (2003). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition findings in relation to severity of brain injury in litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(2), 273–284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Donders, J., Tulsky, D. S., & Zhu, J. (2001). Criterion validity of new WAIS-II subtest scores after traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7(7), 892–898.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Ruff, R. M., Niemann, H., Allen, C. C., Farrow, C. E., & Wylie, T. (1992). The Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test: A neuropsychological application. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75(3 Pt 2), 1311–1319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Allen, C. C., & Ruff, R. M. (1999). Factorial validation of the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT). Assessment, 6(1), 43–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Baser, C. A., & Ruff, R. M. (1987). Construct validity of the San Diego Neuropsychological Test Battery. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2(1), 13–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Willmott, C., & Ponsford, J. (2009). Efficacy of methylphenidate in the rehabilitation of attention following traumatic brain injury: A randomised, crossover, double blind, placebo controlled inpatient trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 80(5), 552–557.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Brickenkamp, R., & Zillmer, E. A. (2011). D2 Test of Attention™ (D2). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Wirz, S., Nadstawek, J., Kuhn, K. U., Vater, S., Junker, U., & Wartenberg, H. C. (2010). [Modafinil for the treatment of cancer-related fatigue: An intervention study]. Schmerz, 24(6), 587–595.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Begega, A., Mendez Lopez, M., de Iscar, M. J., et al. (2010). Assessment of the global intelligence and selective cognitive capacities in preterm 8-year-old children. Psicothema, 22(4), 648–653.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Aslanyan, G., Amroyan, E., Gabrielyan, E., Nylander, M., Wikman, G., & Panossian, A. (2010). Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study of single dose effects of ADAPT-232 on cognitive functions. Phytomedicine, 17(7), 494–499.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Fietze, I., Strauch, J., Holzhausen, M., et al. (2009). Sleep quality in professional ballet dancers. Chronobiology International, 26(6), 1249–1262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Remillard, S., Pourcher, E., & Cohen, H. (2008). Long-term effects of risperidone versus haloperidol on verbal memory, attention, and symptomatology in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(1), 110–118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Cserjesi, R., Molnar, D., Luminet, O., & Lenard, L. (2007). Is there any relationship between obesity and mental flexibility in children? Appetite, 49(3), 675–678.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Zanello, A., Perrig, L., & Huguelet, P. (2006). Cognitive functions related to interpersonal problem-solving skills in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy subjects. Psychiatry Research, 142(1), 67–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Lufi, D. (2001). Double-coding test: A new paper-and-pencil measure of eye-hand coordination. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92(3 Pt 1), 815–826.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Seifert, J., Peters, E., Jahn, K., et al. (2004). Treatment of alcohol withdrawal: Chlormethiazole vs. carbamazepine and the effect on memory performance—A pilot study. Addiction Biology, 9(1), 43–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Rahmann, A., Stodieck, S., Husstedt, I. W., & Evers, S. (2002). Pre-attentive cognitive processing in epilepsy. A pilot study on the impact of epilepsy type and anti-epileptic treatment. European Neurology, 48(3), 146–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Exton, M. S., Baase, J., Pithan, V., Goebel, M. U., Limmroth, V., & Schedlowski, M. (2002). Neuropsychological performance and mood states following acute interferon-beta-1b administration in healthy males. Neuropsychobiology, 45(4), 199–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Schuck, S., Bentue-Ferrer, D., Kleinermans, D., et al. (2002). Psychomotor and cognitive effects of piribedil, a dopamine agonist, in young healthy volunteers. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 16(1), 57–65.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Trenerry, M., Crosson, B., DeBoe, J., & Leber, W. R. (2011). Visual Search and Attention Test (VSAT). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Chan, M. W., Yip, J. T., & Lee, T. M. (2004). Differential impairment on measures of attention in patients with paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(2), 145–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Kelland, D. Z., & Lewis, R. F. (1996). The Digit Vigilance Test: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity to diazepam. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(4), 339–344.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Schretlen, D., Bobholz, J. H., & Brandt, J. (1996). Development and psychometric properties of the brief test of attention. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10(1), 80–89.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Schretlen, D., Brandt, J., & Bobholz, J. H. (1996). Validation of the Brief Test of Attention in patients with Huntington’s disease and amnesia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10(1), 90–95.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Cherry, R., & Rubinstein, A. (2006). Comparing monotic and diotic selective auditory attention abilities in children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 37(2), 137–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Cherry, R. S. (1981). Development of selective auditory attention skills in children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 52(2), 379–385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Doverspike, D., Celler, D., & Barrett, G. V. (1986). The Auditory Selective Attention Test: A review of field and laboratory studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46(4), 1095–1103.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Baier, B., Mueller, N., Fechir, M., & Dieterich, M. (2010). Line bisection error and its anatomic correlate. Stroke, 41(7), 1561–1563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Butter, C. M., Mark, V. W., & Heilman, K. M. (1988). An experimental analysis of factors underlying neglect in line bisection. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1581–1583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Chiba, Y., Yamaguchi, A., & Eto, F. (2005). A simple method to dissociate sensory-attentional and motor-intentional biases in unilateral visual neglect. Brain and Cognition, 58(3), 269–273.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Friedman, P. J. (1990). Spatial neglect in acute stroke: The line bisection test. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 22(2), 101–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Marshall, J. C., & Halligan, P. W. (1995). Within- and between-task dissociations in visuo-spatial neglect: A case study. Cortex, 31(2), 367–376.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Mennemeier, M., Pierce, C. A., Chatterjee, A., et al. (2005). Biases in attentional orientation and magnitude estimation explain crossover: Neglect is a disorder of both. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(8), 1194–1211.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Mennemeier, M., Rapcsak, S. Z., Pierce, C., & Vezey, E. (2001). Crossover by line length and spatial location. Brain and Cognition, 47(3), 412–422.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Wang, Q., Sonoda, S., Hanamura, M., Okazaki, H., & Saitoh, E. (2005). Line bisection and rebisection: The crossover effect of space location. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 19(2), 84–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kerkhoff, G., & Marquardt, C. (1995). VS—A new computer program for detailed offline analysis of visual-spatial perception. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 63(1–2), 75–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Rapcsak, S. Z., Watson, R. T., & Heilman, K. M. (1987). Hemispace-visual field interactions in visual extinction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 50(9), 1117–1124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Tanaka, Y., Minematsu, K., Hara, H., Hayashida, K., & Yamaguchi, T. (2001). [Sensory extinction phenomenon of double simultaneous stimulation: The analysis of consecutive stroke series with acute and unilateral lesions]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 41(9), 569–573.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Vallar, G., Rusconi, M. L., Bignamini, L., Geminiani, G., & Perani, D. (1994). Anatomical correlates of visual and tactile extinction in humans: A clinical CT scan study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 57(4), 464–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Kaplan, R. F., Cohen, R. A., Rosengart, A., Elsner, A. E., Hedges, T. R., III, & Caplan, L. R. (1995). Extinction during time controlled direct retinal stimulation after recovery from right hemispheric stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 59(5), 534–536.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Vigil Continuous Performance Test (1991). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Conner’s Continuous Performance Test II (Version 5) [computer program]. North Tonawanda, NY: MHS; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Conners, C. K., Epstein, J. N., Angold, A., & Klaric, J. (2003). Continuous performance test performance in a normative epidemiological sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(5), 555–562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between Continuous Performance Test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(5), 543–554.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Ballard, J. C. (2001). Assessing attention: Comparison of response-inhibition and traditional continuous performance tests. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(3), 331–350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. McGee, R. A., Clark, S. E., & Symons, D. K. (2000). Does the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test aid in ADHD diagnosis? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(5), 415–424.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA and TOVA-A) [computer program]. Version 8. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Greenberg, L., & Waldmant, I. D. (1993). Developmental Normative Data on The Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A.™). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(6), 1019–1030.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Reddy, L. A., Newman, E., Pedigo, T. K., & Scott, V. (2010). Concurrent validity of the pediatric attention disorders diagnostic screener for children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 16(5), 478–493.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Pollak, Y., Shomaly, H. B., Weiss, P. L., Rizzo, A. A., & Gross-Tsur, V. (2010). Methylphenidate effect in children with ADHD can be measured by an ecologically valid continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality. CNS Spectrums, 15(2), 125–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Pollak, Y., Weiss, P. L., Rizzo, A. A., et al. (2009). The utility of a continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality in measuring ADHD-related deficits. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(1), 2–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Bodnar, L. E., Prahme, M. C., Cutting, L. E., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2007). Construct validity of parent ratings of inhibitory control. Child Neuropsychology, 13(4), 345–362.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Preston, A. S., Fennell, E. B., & Bussing, R. (2005). Utility of a CPT in diagnosing ADHD among a representative sample of high-risk children: A cautionary study. Child Neuropsychology, 11(5), 459–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Flint, R. W., Jr., & Turek, C. (2003). Glucose effects on a continuous performance test of attention in adults. Behavioural Brain Research, 142(1–2), 217–228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Adaptive Rate Continuous Performance Test (ARCPT) [computer program]. Worcester, MA: University of Massachusetts Medical School; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Cohen, R., Lohr, I., Paul, R., & Boland, R. (2001). Impairments of attention and effort among patients with major affective disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13, 385–395.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Cohen, R. A., & Fisher, M. (1988). Neuropsychological correlates of fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10(1), 48.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Cohen, R. A., & O’Donnell, B. F. (1988). Attention, effort, and fatigue: Neuropsychological perspectives. Paper presented at Proceedings from the First NASA Mental State Estimation Workshop l988, NASA.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Cohen, R. A., & Fisher, M. (1989). Amantadine treatment of fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 46(6), 676–680.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Cohen, R. A., Kaplan, R. F., Zuffante, P., et al. (1999). Alteration of intention and self-initiated action associated with bilateral anterior cingulotomy. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 11(4), 444–453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Cohen, R. A., Poppas, A., Forman, D. E., et al. (2009). Vascular and cognitive functions associated with cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(1), 96–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Jerskey, B. A., Cohen, R. A., Jefferson, A. L., et al. (2009). Sustained attention is associated with left ventricular ejection fraction in older adults with heart disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(1), 137–141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Drachman, D. A., & Arbit, J. (1966). Memory and the hippocampal complex. II. Is memory a multiple process? Archives of Neurology, 15(1), 52–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Asarnow, R. F., & MacCrimmon, D. J. (1981). Span of apprehension deficits during the postpsychotic stages of schizophrenia. A replication and extension. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38(9), 1006–1011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Cramer, G., Kietzman, M. L., & van Laer, J. (1982). Dichoptic backward masking of letters, words, and trigrams in old and young subjects. Experimental Aging Research, 8(2), 103–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Aldridge, J. W. (1981). Levels of processing in speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 7(2), 388–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Shefsky, M. W., Stenson, H. H., & Miller, L. K. (1980). Hemispheric asymmetry: A signal detection analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51(2), 599–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Samuels, I., Butters, N., Fedio, P., & Cox, C. (1980). Deficits in short-term auditory memory for verbal material following right temporal removals in humans. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 11(2), 101–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Belleville, S., Chertkow, H., & Gauthier, S. (2007). Working memory and control of attention in persons with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 21(4), 458–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Mertens, V. B., Gagnon, M., Coulombe, D., & Messier, C. (2006). Exploratory factor analysis of neuropsychological tests and their relationship to the Brown-Peterson task. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(7), 733–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Gansler, D. A., Fucetola, R., Krengel, M., Stetson, S., Zimering, R., & Makary, C. (1998). Are there cognitive subtypes in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(12), 776–781.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Hellige, J. B., Taylor, K. B., Lesmes, L., & Peterson, S. (1998). Relationships between brain morphology and behavioral measures of hemispheric asymmetry and interhemispheric interaction. Brain and Cognition, 36(2), 158–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Parravicini, C., Spinnler, H., Sterzi, R., & Vallar, G. (1981). Counting back from a visually presented digit increases recall asymmetries between hemispheres: A Brown-Peterson experiment with lateral projection of trigrams. Cortex, 17(2), 279–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Milner, B. (1971). Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. British Medical Bulletin, 27(3), 272–277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Bornstein, R. (1983). Construct validity of the knox cube test as a neuropsychological measure. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5(2), 105–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. DeRenzi, E., Faglioni, P., & Previdi, P. (1977). Spatial memory and hemispheric locus of lesion. Cortex, 13, 424–433.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Smith, A. (1967). Archives of Neurology, 17(1), 78–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Gronwall, D. M. A., & Sampson, H. D. (1974). The psychological effects of concussion. Auckland, Wellington: Auckland University Press, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1974). Delayed recovery of intellectual function after minor head injury. Lancet, 2(7874), 1452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Milner, B. (1963). Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Archives of Neurology, 9, 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Chelune, G. J., & Baer, R. A. (1986). Developmental norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8(3), 219–228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 298, 199–209.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Stroop, J. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Nehemkis, A. M., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1972). Effects of left and right cerebral lesions in the naming process. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 35, 787–798.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Kaplan, R. F., Verfaellie, M., Meadows, M. E., Caplan, L. R., Pessin, M. S., & DeWitt, L. D. (1991). Changing attentional demands in left hemispatial neglect. Archives of Neurology, 48(12), 1263–1266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Benton, A. (1988). Handbook of neuropsychology. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Spreen, O., & Benton, A. L. (1969). Neurosensory center comprehensive examination for aphasia. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Servan-Schreiber, D., Bruno, R. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (1998). Dopamine and the mechanisms of cognition: Part I. A neural network model predicting dopamine effects on selective attention. Biological Psychiatry, 43(10), 713–722.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Buhusi, C. V., Gray, J. A., & Schmajuk, N. A. (1998). Perplexing effects of hippocampal lesions on latent inhibition: A neural network solution. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112(2), 316–351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Coslett, H. B., Bowers, D., Fitzpatrick, E., Haws, B., & Heilman, K. M. (1990). Directional hypokinesia and hemispatial inattention in neglect. Brain, 113(Pt 2), 475–486.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Coslett, H. B., & Heilman, K. M. (1989). Hemihypokinesia after right hemisphere stroke. Brain and Cognition, 9(2), 267–278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Luria, A. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Luria, A. R., & Khomskaya, E. D. (Eds.). (1966). The frontal lobes and regulation of psychological processes. Moscow: Moscow University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Dewey, J., Hana, G., Russell, T., et al. (2010). Reliability and validity of MRI-based automated volumetry software relative to auto-assisted manual measurement of subcortical structures in HIV-infected patients from a multisite study. NeuroImage, 51(4), 1334–1344.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Ames, H., & Grossberg, S. (2008). Speaker normalization using cortical strip maps: A neural model for steady-state vowel categorization. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(6), 3918–3936.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Grossberg, S. (1994). 3-D vision and figure-ground separation by visual cortex. Perception & Psychophysics, 55(1), 48–121.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Ryan, T. W., Winter, C. L., & Turner, C. J. (1987). Dynamic control of an artificial neural system: The property inheritance network. Applied Optics, 26(23), 4961–4971.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Pragay, E. B., Mirsky, A. F., Ray, C. L., Turner, D. F., & Mirsky, C. V. (1978). Neuronal activity in the brain stem reticular formation during performance of a “go-no go” visual attention task in the monkey. Experimental Neurology, 60(1), 83–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Contreras-Vidal, J. L., & Schultz, W. (1999). A predictive reinforcement model of dopamine neurons for learning approach behavior. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 6(3), 191–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Grossberg, S. (1971). Pavlovian pattern learning by nonlinear neural networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 68(4), 828–831.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Helie, S., Proulx, R., & Lefebvre, B. (2011). Bottom-up learning of explicit knowledge using a Bayesian algorithm and a new Hebbian learning rule. Neural Networks, 24(3), 219–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Goldrick, M. (2008). Does like attract like? Exploring the relationship between errors and representational structure in connectionist networks. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(2), 287–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Demanuele, C., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & James, C. J. (2010). Slow neuronal oscillations in the resting brain vs task execution: A BSS investigation of EEG recordings. Conference Proceedings—IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2010, 1638–1641.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Soltani, A., & Koch, C. (2010). Visual saliency computations: Mechanisms, constraints, and the effect of feedback. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(38), 12831–12843.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Wright, J. J. (2011). Attractor dynamics and thermodynamic analogies in the cerebral cortex: Synchronous oscillation, the background EEG, and the regulation of attention. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 73(2), 436–457.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Stuss, D. T., & Knight, R. T. (2002). Principles of frontal lobe function. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Fuster, J. M. (1997). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Fuster, J. M. (2000). Executive frontal functions. Experimental Brain Research, 133(1), 66–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Kaplan, G. B., Sengor, N. S., Gurvit, H., Genc, I., & Guzelis, C. (2006). A composite neural network model for perseveration and distractibility in the Wisconsin card sorting test. Neural Networks, 19(4), 375–387.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Lee, K. W., Buxton, H., & Feng, J. (2005). Cue-guided search: A computational model of selective attention. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 16(4), 910–924.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Sohrabi, A., & West, R. L. (2009). Positive and negative congruency effects in masked priming: A neuro-computational model based on representation, attention, and conflict. Brain Research, 1289, 124–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Liu, D., Xiong, X., Hou, Z. G., & Dasgupta, B. (2005). Identification of motifs with insertions and deletions in protein sequences using self-organizing neural networks. Neural Networks, 18(5–6), 835–842.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Standage, D. I., Trappenberg, T. P., & Klein, R. M. (2005). Modelling divided visual attention with a winner-take-all network. Neural Networks, 18(5–6), 620–627.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Heerebout, B. T., & Phaf, R. H. (2010). Good vibrations switch attention: An affective function for network oscillations in evolutionary simulations. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(2), 217–229.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Onken, R., & Feraric, J. P. (1997). Adaptation to the driver as part of a driver monitoring and warning system. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 29(4), 507–513.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Hudson, P. T., van den Herik, H. J., & Postma, E. O. (1997). SCAN: A scalable model of attentional selection. Neural Networks, 10(6), 993–1015.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Flach, K. A., Adler, L. E., Gerhardt, G. A., Miller, C., Bickford, P., & MacGregor, R. J. (1996). Sensory gating in a computer model of the CA3 neural network of the hippocampus. Biological Psychiatry, 40(12), 1230–1245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Servan-Schreiber, D., Cohen, J. D., & Steingard, S. (1996). Schizophrenic deficits in the processing of context. A test of a theoretical model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(12), 1105–1112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Arrington, K. F. (1996). Directional filling-in. Neural Computation, 8(2), 300–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Green, D. M. (1958). Detection of multiple component signals in noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 30, 904–911.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Swets, J. (1984). Mathematical models of attention. In: Davies RPDR (Ed.). (pp. 183–242). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Swets, J. A. (1964). Signal detection and recognition by human observers; contemporary readings. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Swets, J. A. (1988). Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science, 240(4857), 1285–1293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Swets, J. A., & Birdsall, T. G. (1978). Repeated observation of an uncertain signal. Perception & Psychophysics, 23(4), 269–274.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Swets, J. A., Green, D. M., Getty, D. J., & Swets, J. B. (1978). Signal detection and identification at successive stages of observation. Perception & Psychophysics, 23(4), 275–289.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Swets, J. A., & Kristofferson, A. B. (1970). Attention. Annual Review of Psychology, 21, 339–366.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Neifeld, M. A. (1995). Optical dual-scale architecture for neural image recognition. Applied Optics, 34(26), 5920–5927.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Piche, S. W. (1995). The selection of weight accuracies for Madalines. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 6(2), 432–445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Somers, D., & Kopell, N. (1993). Rapid synchronization through fast threshold modulation. Biological Cybernetics, 68(5), 393–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. de Carvalho, L. A. (1994). Modeling the thalamocortical loop. International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing, 35(4), 267–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Brown, M. A., & Sharp, P. E. (1995). Simulation of spatial learning in the Morris water maze by a neural network model of the hippocampal formation and nucleus accumbens. Hippocampus, 5(3), 171–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention: The VIIth Sir Frederic Bartlett Lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 109, 160–174.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Posner, M. I., & Cohen, Y. (1984). Facilitation and inhibition in shifts of visual attention. In B. Bouma & D. Bowhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance (Vol. X). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Posner, M. I., Walker, J. A., Friedrich, F. J., & Rafal, R. D. (1984). Effects of parietal lobe injury on covert orienting of visual attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 4(7), 1863–1874.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Posner, M. I., Peterson, S. E., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. Science, 240, 1627–1631.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74(11), 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Fukushima, K. (1987). Self-organizing neural network models for visual pattern recognition. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, 41, 51–67.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Fukushima, K. (1986). A neural network model for selective attention in visual pattern recognition. Biological Cybernetics, 55(1), 5–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Mortara, R. A., & Koch, G. L. (1986). Analysis of pseudopodial structure and assembly with viral projections. Journal of Cell Science. Supplement, 5, 129–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Leisman, G., & Koch, P. (1989). Cybernetic model of psychophysiological pathways: I. Control functions. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 12(2), 98–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Heinke, D., & Backhaus, A. (2011). Modelling Visual Search with the Selective Attention for Identification Model (VS-SAIM): A novel explanation for visual search asymmetries. Cognitive Computation, 3(1), 185–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon identification of a target letter in a non- search task. Perception and Psychophysics, 16, 143–149.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Light, G. A., & Braff, D. L. (2001). Measuring P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition in a single recording session. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(12), 2066–2068.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Perry, W., Feifel, D., Minassian, A., Bhattacharjie, I., & Braff, D. L. (2002). Information processing deficits in acutely psychotic schizophrenia patients medicated and unmedicated at the time of admission. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(8), 1375–1381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., Swanson, J., et al. (2003). The effect of methylphenidate on three forms of response inhibition in boys with AD/HD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 105–120.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Swerdlow, N. R., Talledo, J. A., & Braff, D. L. (2005). Startle modulation in Caucasian-Americans and Asian-Americans: A prelude to genetic/endophenotypic studies across the ‘Pacific Rim’. Psychiatric Genetics, 15(1), 61–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Scheres, A., Di Martino, A., Hyde, C., & Walters, J. R. (2005). Varieties of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-related intra-individual variability. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1416–1423.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Ruchsow, M., Herrnberger, B., Beschoner, P., Gron, G., Spitzer, M., & Kiefer, M. (2006). Error processing in major depressive disorder: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40(1), 37–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Franken, I. H., van Strien, J. W., Franzek, E. J., & van de Wetering, B. J. (2007). Error-processing deficits in patients with cocaine dependence. Biological Psychology, 75(1), 45–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Greenwood, T. A., Braff, D. L., Light, G. A., et al. (2007). Initial heritability analyses of endophenotypic measures for schizophrenia: The consortium on the genetics of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(11), 1242–1250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Wynn, J. K., Green, M. F., Sprock, J., et al. (2007). Effects of olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia patients: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 95(1–3), 134–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Corchs, S., & Deco, G. (2002). Large-scale neural model for visual attention: Integration of experimental single-cell and fMRI data. Cerebral Cortex, 12(4), 339–348.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Zirnsak, M., Beuth, F., & Hamker, F. H. (2011). Split of spatial attention as predicted by a systems-level model of visual attention. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 33(11), 2035–2045.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Meincke, U., Light, G. A., Geyer, M. A., Braff, D. L., & Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. (2004). Sensitization and habituation of the acoustic startle reflex in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 126(1), 51–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Yu, A. J., Dayan, P., & Cohen, J. D. (2009). Dynamics of attentional selection under conflict: Toward a rational Bayesian account. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 35(3), 700–717.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Deco, G., & Heinke, D. (2007). Attention and spatial resolution: A theoretical and experimental study of visual search in hierarchical patterns. Perception, 36(3), 335–354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Luks, T. L., Oliveira, M., Possin, K. L., et al. (2010). Atrophy in two attention networks is associated with performance on a Flanker task in neurodegenerative disease. Neuropsychologia, 48(1), 165–170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. van’t Ent, D., van Beijsterveldt, C. E., Derks, E. M., et al. (2009). Neuroimaging of response interference in twins concordant or discordant for inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. Neuroscience, 164(1), 16–29.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Swerdlow, N. R., Martinez, Z. A., Hanlon, F. M., et al. (2000). Toward understanding the biology of a complex phenotype: Rat strain and substrain differences in the sensorimotor gating-disruptive effects of dopamine agonists. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(11), 4325–4336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Cadenhead, K. S., Light, G. A., Geyer, M. A., & Braff, D. L. (2000). Sensory gating deficits assessed by the P50 event-related potential in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(1), 55–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Swerdlow, N. R., Geyer, M. A., Hartman, P. L., et al. (1999). Sex differences in sensorimotor gating of the human startle reflex: All smoke? Psychopharmacology, 146(2), 228–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Vaidya, C. J., Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Zalecki, C. A., Elliott, G. R., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2005). Altered neural substrates of cognitive control in childhood ADHD: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(9), 1605–1613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Braff, D. L., Swerdlow, N. R., & Geyer, M. A. (1999). Symptom correlates of prepulse inhibition deficits in male schizophrenic patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(4), 596–602.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Perry, W., Geyer, M. A., & Braff, D. L. (1999). Sensorimotor gating and thought disturbance measured in close temporal proximity in schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(3), 277–281.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Cadenhead, K. S., Carasso, B. S., Swerdlow, N. R., Geyer, M. A., & Braff, D. L. (1999). Prepulse inhibition and habituation of the startle response are stable neurobiological measures in a normal male population. Biological Psychiatry, 45(3), 360–364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Mansbach, R. S., Braff, D. L., & Geyer, M. A. (1989). Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response is disrupted by N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDEA) in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology, 167(1), 49–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(3), 340–347.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Gravius, A., Laszy, J., Pietraszek, M., et al. (2011). Effects of 5-HT6 antagonists, Ro-4368554 and SB-258585, in tests used for the detection of cognitive enhancement and antipsychotic-like activity. Behavioural Pharmacology, 22(2), 122–135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Weaver, B., Bedard, M., McAuliffe, J., & Parkkari, M. (2009). Using the Attention Network Test to predict driving test scores. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 41(1), 76–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Benoit, C. E., Bastianetto, S., Brouillette, J., et al. (2010). Loss of quinone reductase 2 function selectively facilitates learning behaviors. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(38), 12690–12700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Savonenko, A., Munoz, P., Melnikova, T., et al. (2009). Impaired cognition, sensorimotor gating, and hippocampal long-term depression in mice lacking the prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor. Experimental Neurology, 217(1), 63–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Leskin, L. P., & White, P. M. (2007). Attentional networks reveal executive function deficits in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychology, 21(3), 275–284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Dunlop, J., Lock, T., Jow, B., et al. (2009). Old and new pharmacology: Positive allosteric modulation of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by the 5-hydroxytryptamine(2B/C) receptor antagonist SB-206553 (3,5-dihydro-5-methyl-N-3-pyridinylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]di pyrrole-1(2H)-carboxamide). The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 328(3), 766–776.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Tsujimura, A., Matsuki, M., Takao, K., Yamanishi, K., Miyakawa, T., & Hashimoto-Gotoh, T. (2008). Mice lacking the kf-1 gene exhibit increased anxiety—But not despair-like behavior. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 2, 4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Savonenko, A. V., Melnikova, T., Laird, F. M., Stewart, K. A., Price, D. L., & Wong, P. C. (2008). Alteration of BACE1-dependent NRG1/ErbB4 signaling and schizophrenia-like phenotypes in BACE1-null mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(14), 5585–5590.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Fossella, J., Flombaum, J. I., & Posner, M. I. (2005). The activation of attentional networks. NeuroImage, 26(2), 471–479.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Taniguchi, T., Doe, N., Matsuyama, S., et al. (2005). Transgenic mice expressing mutant (N279K) human tau show mutation dependent cognitive deficits without neurofibrillary tangle formation. FEBS Letters, 579(25), 5704–5712.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Gooding, D. C., Braun, J. G., & Studer, J. A. (2006). Attentional network task performance in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: evidence of a specific deficit. Schizophrenia Research, 88, 169–178.

    Google Scholar 

  293. Bakshi, V. P., Swerdlow, N. R., Braff, D. L., & Geyer, M. A. (1998). Reversal of isolation rearing-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition by Seroquel and olanzapine. Biological Psychiatry, 43(6), 436–445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Cadenhead, K., Kumar, C., & Braff, D. (1996). Clinical and experimental characteristics of “hypothetically psychosis prone” college students. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 30(5), 331–340.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Lipska, B. K., Swerdlow, N. R., Geyer, M. A., Jaskiw, G. E., Braff, D. L., & Weinberger, D. R. (1995). Neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats causes post-pubertal changes in prepulse inhibition of startle and its disruption by apomorphine. Psychopharmacology, 122(1), 35–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Kendler, H. H., & Kendler, T. S. (1962). Vertical and horizontal processes in problem solving. Psychological Review, 69, 1–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Kendler, H. H., & Kendler, T. S. (1966). Selective attention versus mediation: Some comments on Mackintosh’s analysis of two-stage models of discrimination learning. Psychological Bulletin, 66(4), 282–288.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Kendler, T. S. (1971). Continuity theory and cue-dominance. In H. H. Kendler & J. T. Spence (Eds.), Tenets of neurobehaviorism (pp. 237–264). New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  299. Kendler, T. S., Basden, B. H., & Bruckner, J. B. (1970). Dimensional dominance and continuity theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83(2), 309–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. David, S. P., Munafo, M. R., Johansen-Berg, H., et al. (2007). Effects of acute nicotine abstinence on cue-elicited ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens activation in female cigarette smokers: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 1(3–4), 43–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. McCaffery, J. M., Haley, A. P., Sweet, L. H., et al. (2009). Differential functional magnetic resonance imaging response to food pictures in successful weight-loss maintainers relative to normal-weight and obese controls. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(4), 928–934.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Swerdlow, N. R., Geyer, M. A., & Braff, D. L. (2001). Neural circuit regulation of prepulse inhibition of startle in the rat: Current knowledge and future challenges. Psychopharmacology, 156(2–3), 194–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Swerdlow, N. R., Weber, M., Qu, Y., Light, G. A., & Braff, D. L. (2008). Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research. Psychopharmacology, 199(3), 331–388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Perriol, M. P., Dujardin, K., Derambure, P., et al. (2005). Disturbance of sensory filtering in dementia with Lewy bodies: Comparison with Parkinson’s disease dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76(1), 106–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Hejl, A. M., Glenthoj, B., Mackeprang, T., Hemmingsen, R., & Waldemar, G. (2004). Prepulse inhibition in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 25(8), 1045–1050.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Braff, D. L., & Geyer, M. A. (1990). Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47(2), 181–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Geyer, M. A., & Braff, D. L. (1987). Startle habituation and sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia and related animal models. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(4), 643–668.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Mackworth, N. H. (1950). Researches in the measurement of human performance. MRC special report series no. 268. London: H. M. Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Mackworth, J. F. (1969). Vigilance and habituation: A neuropsychological approach. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  310. Buchsbaum, M. S., Haier, R. J., Sostek, A. J., et al. (1985). Attention dysfunction and psychopathology in college men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42(4), 354–360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Siever, L. J., Haier, R. J., Coursey, R. D., et al. (1982). Smooth pursuit eye tracking impairment: Relation to other ‘markers’ of schizophrenia and psychologic correlates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(9), 1001–1005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Sostek, A. J., Buchsbaum, M. S., & Rapoport, J. L. (1980). Effects of amphetamine on vigilance performance in normal and hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 8(4), 491–500.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  314. Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Neisser, U. B. (1975). Selective looking: Attending to visually-specified events. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 480–494.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Spelke, E., Hirst, W. C., & Neisser, U. (1976). Skills of divided attention. Cognition, 4, 215–230.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Sperling, G., & Melchner, M. J. (1978). Visual search, visual attention, and the attention operating characteristic. In J. Requin (Ed.), Attention and performance VII (pp. 675–686). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  318. Posner, M. I. (1986). Chronometric explorations of the mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  319. Kimura, D. (1967). Functional asymmetry of the brain in dichotic listening. Cortex, 3, 163–178.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Springer, S. P., Sidtis, J., Wilson, D., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1978). Left ear performance in dichotic listening following commissurotomy. Neuropsychologia, 16(3), 305–312.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Springer, S. P., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1975). Dichotic testing of partial and complete split brain subjects. Neuropsychologia, 13(3), 341–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Springer, S. P., & Searleman, A. (1978). The ontogeny of hemispheric specialization: evidence from dichotic listening in twins. Neuropsychologia, 16, 269–281.

    Google Scholar 

  323. Cherry, E. C. (1953). Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 26, 975–979.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Treisman, A., & Davies, A. (1973). Divided attention to ear and eye. In S. Kornblum (Ed.), Attention and performance IV (pp. 101–117). London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Underwood, G. (1976). Attention and memory. Oxford, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Underwood, G., & Stevens, R. (1979). Aspects of consciousness. London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Aging, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Ronald A. Cohen PhD, ABPP, ABCN (Professor, Director, Adjunct Professor)

  2. Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Ronald A. Cohen PhD, ABPP, ABCN (Professor, Director, Adjunct Professor)

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Ronald A. Cohen PhD, ABPP, ABCN (Professor, Director, Adjunct Professor)

Authors
  1. Ronald A. Cohen PhD, ABPP, ABCN
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cohen, R.A. (2014). Clinical Considerations: Assessment and Treatment. In: The Neuropsychology of Attention. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72639-7_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72639-7_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72638-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72639-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation