Skip to main content

Microbiological Water Quality of Rivers in Montenegro

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 93))

Abstract

The literature data on the microbiological water quality of the surface and groundwaters in Montenegro is very scarce. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide an insight in the microbiological water quality of rivers in Montenegro by compiling the data obtained in period 2009–2018 in national monitoring program and the data collected within the Montenegro survey in 2019 with an emphasis on the hotspots of faecal pollution and possible sources of pollution. Despite the high risk that poor implementation of wastewater treatment might represent for Montenegro, the obtained dataset indicates that overall microbiological water quality of rivers in Montenegro is quite good. About 80% of the investigated sites have bathing water quality according to Montenegrin legislation. Only four sites were identified as hotspots of faecal pollution where the human source of pollution prevails.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. DIKTAS (2012) Protection and sustainable use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System. Montenegro country report

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kolarević S, Knežević-Vukčević J, Paunović M, Tomovic J, Gačić Z, Vuković-Gačić B (2011) Antropogenic impact on water quality of the River Danube in Serbia: microbiological analysis and genotoxicity monitoring. Arch Biol Sci 63:1209–1217

    Google Scholar 

  3. Savio D, Sinclair L, Ijaz UZ, Parajka J, Reischer GH, Stadler P, Blaschke A, Bloschl G, Mach R, Kirschner A, Farnleitner AH, Eller A (2015) Bacterial diversity along a 2600 km river continuum. Environ Microbiol 17:4994–5007

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bulatović J, Rajović G (2017) Some aspects of the sport tourism with the review of Montenegro: overview. Tour Educ Stud Pract 4:18–28

    Google Scholar 

  5. Government of Montenegro, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2017) Strategija upravljanja Vodama Crne Gore, p 178

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pešić V, Karaman GS, Kostianoy AG (2018) Introduction. In: Pešić V, Karaman G, Kostianoy A (eds) The Skadar/Shkodra Lake environment. The handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 80. Springer, Cham, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kirschner AKT, Kavka G, Velimirov B, Mach RL, Sommer R, Farnleitner AH (2009) Microbiological water quality along the Danube River: integrating data from two whole-river surveys and a transnational monitoring network. Water Res 43:3673–3684

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kirschner AK, Kavka G, Reischer GH, Sommer R, Blaschke AP, Stevenson M, Vierheilig J, Mach RL, Farnleitner AH (2014) Microbiological water quality of the Danube River: status quo and future perspectives. In: Liska I (ed) The Danube River Basin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 439–468

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kirschner AKT, Reischer GH, Jakwerth S, Savio D, Ixenmaier S, Toth E, Sommer R, Mach R, Linke R, Eiler A, Kolarevic S, Farnleitner AH (2017) Multiparametric monitoring of microbial faecal pollution reveals the dominance of human contamination along the whole Danube River. Water Res 124:543–555

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kolarević S, Knežević-Vukčević J, Paunović M, Tomović J, Gačić Z, Vuković-Gačić B (2011) The anthropogenic impact on water quality of the river Danube in Serbia: microbiological analysis and genotoxicity monitoring. Arch Biol Sci 63:1209–1217

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kolarević S, Knežević-Vukčević J, Paunović M, Gačić Z, Vuković-Gačić B (2011) Assessment of the microbiological quality of the river Tisa in Serbia. Water Res Manag 1:57–61

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kolarević S, Knežević-Vukčević J, Paunović M, Vasiljević B, Kračun M, Gačić Z, Vuković-Gačić B (2012) Seasonal variations of microbiological parameters of water quality of the Velika Morava river. Arch Biol Sci 64:1017–1027

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kapetanović D, Smrzlić IV, Valić D, Teskeredžić E, Kolarević S, Sunjog K, Tomović J, Kračun-Kolarević M, Knežević-Vukčević J, Paunović M, Gačić Z, Vuković-Gačić B (2015) Microbial characterisation of the Sava river. In: Milačič R, Ščančar J, Paunović M (eds) The Sava river. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 201–228

    Google Scholar 

  14. Vrzel J, Vuković-Gačić B, Kolarević S, Gačić Z, Kračun-Kolarević M, Kostić J, Aborgiba M, Farnleitner A, Reischer G, Linke R, Paunović M, Ogrinc N (2016) Determination of the sources of nitrate and the microbiological sources of pollution in the Sava River Basin. Sci Total Environ 573:1460–1471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (2015) Danube river basin management plan. ICPDR, Vienna. https://www.icpdr.org/main/sites/default/files/nodes/documents/drbmp-update2015-annexes.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  16. Reischer GH, Haider JM, Sommer R, Stadler H, Keiblinger KM, Hornek R, Zerobin W, Mach RL, Farnleitner AH (2008) Quantitative microbial faecal source tracking with sampling guided by hydrological catchment dynamics. Environ Microbiol 10:2598–2608

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ford DC, Williams PW (2013) Introduction to karst. In: Karst geomorphology and hydrology. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  18. Budnick GE, Howard RT, Mayo DR (1996) Evaluation of Enterolert for enumeration of enterococci in recreational waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3881–3884

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sinton LW, Donnison AM, Hastie CM (1993) Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: a review. Part II: sanitary significance, survival, and use. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 27:117–137

    Google Scholar 

  20. WHO (1997) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Surveillance and control of community supplies, vol 3. 2nd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rompre AP, Servais J, Baudart M, Roubin R, Laurent P (2002) Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: current methods and emerging approaches. J Microbiol Methods 49:31–54

    Google Scholar 

  22. Byamukama D, Mach RL, Kansiime F, Manafi M, Farnleitner AH (2005) Discrimination efficacy of fecal pollution detection in different aquatic habitats of a high-altitude tropical country, using presumptive coliforms, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:65–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Evanson M, Ambrose RF (2006) Sources and growth dynamics of fecal indicator bacteria in a coastal wetland system and potential impacts to adjacent waters. Water Res 40:475–486

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Raina PS, Pollari FL, Teare GF, Goss MJ, Barry DA, Wilson JB (1999) The relationship between E. coli indicator bacteria in well-water and gastrointestinal illnesses in rural families. Can J Public Health 90:172–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bitton G (2005) Microbial indicators of fecal contamination: application to microbial source tracking. Report submitted to the Florida Stormwater Association 719, pp 4–6

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kavka G, Poetsch E (2002) Microbiology. In: Joint Danube Survey – technical report of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, pp 138–150

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bonde GJ (1977) Bacterial indication of water pollution. In: Advances in aquatic microbiology. Academic Press, London, pp 273–364

    Google Scholar 

  28. Cabral JP (2010) Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7:3657–3703

    Google Scholar 

  29. European Commission (2006) Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC

    Google Scholar 

  30. Vukašinović Pešić V, Blagojević N, Savić A, Tomić N, Pešić V (2019) The change in the water chemistry of the rivers of Montenegro over a 10-year period. In: Pešić V, Paunović M, Kostianoy A (eds) The rivers of Montenegro. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kavka GG, Kasimir GD, Farnleitner AH (2006) Microbiological water quality of the River Danube (km 2581–km 15): longitudinal variation of pollution as determined by standard parameters. In: Proceedings of the 36th international conference of IAD. Austrian Committee Danube Research, Vienna, pp 415–421

    Google Scholar 

  32. Šundić D, Radujković B (2012) Pollution of the Skadar Lake. NGO Green Home. http://www.greenhome.co.me/fajlovi/greenhome/attach_fajlovi/eng/main-pages/2013/12/pdf/Pollution_of_the_Skadar_Lake.pdf

  33. EPA (2013) Report on the state of the environment in Montenegro based on indicators. Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, Podgorica

    Google Scholar 

  34. EPA (2017) Report on the state of the environment in Montenegro based on indicators. Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, Podgorica

    Google Scholar 

  35. Tomović S (2008) Ciljevi vodoprivrednog razvoja Crne Gore. Vodoprivreda 40:127–137

    Google Scholar 

  36. Scott TM, Rose JB, Jenkins TM, Farrah SR, Lukasik J (2002) Microbial source tracking: current methodology and future directions. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5796–5803

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mayer E, Reischer G, Ixenmaier S, Derx J, Blaschke A, Edbon J, Linke R, Egle L, Ahmed W, Blanch A, Byamuka D, Savill M, Mushi D, Cristobal H, Edge T, Schade M, Aslan A, Brooks Y, Sommer R, Masago Y, Sato M, Taylor H, Rose J, Wuertz S, Shanks O, Piringer H, Mach R, Savio D, Zessner M, Farnleitner A (2018) Global distribution of human-associated fecal genetic markers in reference samples from six continents. Environ Sci Technol 52:5076–5084

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kildare BJ, Leutenegger CM, McSwain BS, Bambic DG, Rajal VB, Wuertz S (2007) 16S rRNA-based assays for quantitative detection of universal, human-, cow-, and dog-specific fecal Bacteroidales: a Bayesian approach. Water Res 41:3701–3715

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Green HC, Haugland RA, Varma M, Millen HT, Borchardt MA, Field KG, Walters WA, Knight R, Kelty CA, Shanks OC (2014) Improved HF183 quantitative real-time PCR assay for characterization of human fecal pollution in ambient surface water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 80:3086–3094

    Google Scholar 

  40. Reischer GH, Kasper DC, Steinborn R, Mach RL, Farnleitner AH (2006) Quantitative PCR method for sensitive detection of ruminant fecal pollution in freshwater and evaluation of this method in alpine karstic regions. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5610–5614

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Mieszkin S, Furet JP, Corthier G, Gourmelon M (2009) Estimation of pig fecal contamination in a river catchment by real-time PCR using two pig-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genetic markers. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:3045–3054

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Griffiths RI, Whiteley AS, O’Donnell AG, Bailey MJ (2000) Rapid method for coextraction of DNA and RNA from natural environments for analysis of ribosomal DNA-and rRNA-based microbial community composition. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:5488–5491

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was performed within the framework of the bilateral project of Republic of Serbia and Republic of Austria No. 451-03-02141/2017-09/30. We would like to acknowledge Luka Mitrović, Head of Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology – Montenegro, and our colleagues Željka Đurišić and Kumrija Šestović for provided monitoring dataset 2009–2018. The authors are grateful to Luka Gačić who provided improvements to our English.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stoimir Kolarević .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kolarević, S. et al. (2019). Microbiological Water Quality of Rivers in Montenegro. In: Pešić, V., Paunović, M., Kostianoy, A. (eds) The Rivers of Montenegro. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 93. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2019_420

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics